Ken Fussichen's List of Nobel Prize Winners
Ken Fussichen's List of Nobel Prize Winners| 1901 | Chemistry | Jacobus Henricus Van't Hoff d: 1 Mar 1911 (Berlin, Germany) |
in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions" |
| Literature | Rene Sully-Prudhomme b: 16 Mar 1839 (Paris, France) d: 6 Sep 1907 (Chatenay, France) |
"in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection, and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect" | |
| Medicine /Physiology |
Emil Adolph von Behring b:15 Mar 1854 (Hansdorf, Germany) d: 31 Mar 1917 (Marburg, Germany) |
for work on serum therapy, particularly as applied to diptheria; coined the word "antitoxin" | |
| Peace | Jean Henri Dunant b: 8 May 1828 (Geneva, Switzerland) d: 30 Oct 1910 (Heiden, Switzerland) Frederic Passy b: 20 May 1822 (Paris, France) |
for organizing the Geneva Conventions of 1863 and 1864 and the International Red Cross | |
| Physics | Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen b: 27 Mar 1845 (Lennep, Germany) d: 10 Feb 1923 (Munich, Germany) |
for his discovery of x-rays |
| 1902 | Chemistry | Emil Herman Fischer b: 9 Oct 1852 (Euskirchen, Germany) d: 15 Jul 1919 (Berlin, Germany) |
for his work with the carbohydrate and purine chemical groups |
| Literature | Bjornstjerne Martinius Bjornson b: 8 Dec 1832 (Kivne, Norway) d: 26 Apr 1910 (Paris, France) |
"a tribute to his noble, magnificent, and versatile work as a poet, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit" | |
| Christian Matthias Mommsen b: 30 Nov 1817 (Garding, Schleswig, Germany) |
as "the greatest living master of historical writing with special reference to his History of Rome" | ||
| Medicine /Physiology |
Sir Ronald Ross b: 13 May 1857 (Almora, India) d: 16 Sep 1932 (London, England) |
for his research on malaria, proving that the Anopheles mosquito was the intermediate host in malaria's transmission | |
| Peace | Élie Ducommun b: 19 Feb 1833 (Geneva, Switzerland) d: 7 Dec 1906 (Berne, Switzerland) |
for his work as director of the Berne Peace Bureau | |
| Physics | Hendrik Antoon Lorentz b: 18 Jul 1853 (Haarlem, Netherlands) d: 4 Feb 1928 (Haarlem, Netherlands) Pieter Zeeman d: 9 Oct 1943 (Amsterdam, Netherlands) |
for work on the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena |
| 1903 | Chemistry | Svante August Arrhenius |
for his "electrolytic theory of dissociation" |
| Literature | no award | ||
| Medicine /Physiology |
Nils Ryberg Finsen |
in recognition for his treatment of disease, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light rays | |
| Peace | Sir William Randal Cremer |
for his work in establishing the Workman's Peace Association (1870), the precursor to the Interparliamentary Union | |
| Physics | Antoine Henri Becquerel Pierre Curie Marie (Sklodowska) Curie |
Madam Marie Curie is the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and the first person to win two Nobel prizes (Physics, 1903; Chemistry 1911. The 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded jointly to Pierre and Marie Curie for their investigation of the radiation phenomena that had been discovered by Professor Becquerel. Pierre Curie was also responsible for pioneer magnetic studies. | |
| 1904 | Chemistry | Sir William Ramsay |
for his services in the discovery of the inert gases and his determination of their place in the periodic system |
| Literature | Jose Echegaray Y Eizaguirre |
in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which in an individual and original manner have revived the great traditions of Spanish drama | |
| Frederic Mistral |
in recognition of the fresh originality and true artistic genius of his poetry, which faithfully mirrors the native spirit of his people, and of his important work as a Provencal philogist | ||
| Medicine /Physiology |
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov |
for his contribution in the discovery of conditioned reflexes while studying the digestive process | |
| Peace | Institute of International Law |
the first Nobel Prize awarded to an institution; serving as "the legal conscience of the civilized world" | |
| Physics | John William (Lord Rayleigh) Strutt |
for his investigations inot the density of the most important gases, and for his discovery of argon in connection with these investigations |
| 1905 | Chemistry | Adolf Von Bayer |
in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry |
| Literature | because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer | ||
| Medicine /Physiology |
Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch |
Koch is recognized as the founder of modern medical bacteriology; proved that anthrax, tuberculosis and cholera are caused by bacteria | |
| Peace | Bertha Felicie Sophie Kinsky von Suttner |
for her sincere peace activities that began with the publication of her publication Lay Down Your Arms, which exposed the cruel realities of war, rather than its heroism and glory | |
| Physics | Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard |
for work in connection with cathode ray tubes |
| 1906 | Chemistry | Ferdinand Frederick Henri Moissan |
for his investigation and isolation of fluorine |
| Literature | for his creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces | ||
| Medicine /Physiology |
Camillo Golgi Santiago Ramon y Cajal |
for work on the structure of the nervous system | |
| Peace | Theodore Roosevelt |
26th US President (1901-1909); for his mediation of the Russo-Japanese War at a peace conference in Portsmouth NH | |
| Physics | Sir Joseph John Thompson |
for theoretic and experimental study of the conduction of electricity through gases |
| 1907 | Chemistry | Eduard Bucher |
for his discovery of cell-free fermentation |
| Literature | Joseph Rudyard Kipling |
in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination and also the manly strength in the art of perception and delineation that characterize this world-reknowned author | |
| Medicine /Physiology |
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran |
for his work on the part played by protozoa in the generation of disease | |
| Peace | Ernesto Teodoro Moneta |
for his work founding the Lombard Peace Union (1887), his peace conferences in Italy, and for his role presiding over the International Peace Conference in Milan (1906) | |
| Louis Renault |
for his efforts as "principal worker" at the Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 | ||
| Physics | Albert Abraham Michelson |
for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid |
| 1908 | Chemistry | for his investigation into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive elements | |
| Literature | in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, the warmth and strength of presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and delveloped an idealistic philosophy of life | ||
| Medicine /Physiology |
in recognition for their work on immunity | ||
| Peace | founder of the Swedish Society of Arbitratration and Peace; the accomplishment of a peaceful separation of Norway and Sweden | ||
| for his political and writing activities in support of peace | |||
| Physics | for his method, based on the interference phenomenon, for reproducing colors photgraphically |
| 1909 | Chemistry | for his work on catalysis and on the condition of chemical equilibrium and velocities of chemical reactions. | |
| Literature | in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination, and spiritual perception that characterize her writings | ||
| Medicine /Physiology |
for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland | ||
| Peace | a prominent member of every peace conference fromn 1889 until his death in 1912 | ||
| founder of the Association for International Concilliation (1905) | |||
| Physics | for contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy |
| 1910 | Chemistry | in recognition for his work in organic chemistry and by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds | |
| Literature | a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long and productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist, and writer of world-renowned short stories | ||
| Medicine /Physiology |
for contributions to the chemistry of the cell made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances | ||
| Peace | an international bureau of arbitration and disarmament entirely in the spirit of Alfred Nobel's plan | ||
| Physics | for work on the equation of state for gases and liquids |
| Nobel Prizes Awarded Through 1910 (Total 62) | |
|---|---|
| Country | Awards |
| Germany | 14 |
| France | 9 |
| England | 5 |
| Italy, Netherlands, and Switzerland | 4 |
| no award | 1 |
| 1911 | Chemistry | Madam Curie is the first person to win a Nobel Prize and the first person to win two Nobel prizes (Physics, 1903; Chemistry, 1911). The 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was in recognition of her discovery of radium and polonium, by her determination of the nature of radium and isolation of it in a metalic state. | |
| Literature | for his diverse literary activity and especially his dramatic works, which are outstanding for their richness of imagination and for poetic realism... | ||
| Medicine /Physiology |
for his work on the dioptrics of the eye | ||
| Peace | for his work as a practical legal statesman and a pioneer in the field of international legal relations, one of the foundes of the Institute of International Law and the Review of International Law and Comparative Legislation | ||
| for is efforts as perhaps the most industrious literary pacifist in the past twenty years, founder of the German and Austrian Peace Societies | |||
| Physics | for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat |
| 1912 | Chemistry | for discovery of the "Grignard reagent" which, in recent years, has greatly advanced the process of organic chemistry | |
| Literature | primarily for his fruitful, varied and outstanding producion in the realm of dramatic art | ||
| Medicine /Physiology |
for his work on vascular suturing, and on the grafting of blood vessels and organs | ||
| Peace | for his championing of the Taft proposal for an unconditional arbitratration treaty with Britain; his support of no special privileges for American shipping in the Panama Canal; and his presidency of the Carnegie Peace Foundation | ||
| Physics | for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys |
| 1913 | Chemistry | in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules, by which he has thrown fresh light on old problems and opened up new fields of research, particularly in inorganic chemistry | |
| Literature | for his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in English words, a part of the literature of the West | ||
| Medicine /Physiology |
in recognition for his work on anaphylaxis | ||
| Peace | for his efforts at establishing and furthering the principles of international cooperation and understanding among the peoples of the world | ||
| Physics | considered the "father of cyrogenics", received the Nobel Prize for researches on the properties of matter at very low temperatures |
| 1914 | Chemistry | in recognition of his accurate determination of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements | |
| Literature | no award | ||
| Medicine /Physiology |
for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus | ||
| Peace | no award | ||
| Physics | provided the mathematical formulations in 1912 that demonstrated that a narrow beam of X-rays is diffracted by the orderly array of atoms in a crystal lattice, leading to the development of two new branches of science: x-ray crystallography and x-ray spectroscopy | ||
| 1915 | Chemistry | for his research on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll | |
| Literature | a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literay production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings | ||
| Medicine /Physiology | no award | ||
| Peace | no award | ||
| Physics | Sir William Henry Bragg (father) and Sir William Lawrence Bragg (son) are jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for the value of their contribution to the study of crystal structures by means of x-rays | ||
| 1916 | Chemistry | no award | |
| Literature | in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature | ||
| Medicine /Physiology | no award | ||
| Peace | no award | ||
| Physics | no award | ||
| 1917 | Chemistry | no award | |
| Literature | for his many-sided, rich, inspired writing with high ideals | ||
| for his profuse descriptions of Danish life today; his trilogy The Promised Land | |||
| Medicine /Physiology | no award | ||
| Peace | This was the only Peace Prize awarded during World War I (1914-1918). | ||
| Physics | for his discovery of the characteristic Roentgen radiation of the elements | ||
| 1918 | Chemistry | for his development of the Haber process, which combined nitrogen and hydrogen under pressure with an iron catalyst, producing ammonia, which could be used in the production of fertilizer or explosives | |
| Literature | Award refused. He instead became a member of the Nobel Academy and secretary (1904 - 1931). Awarded a second Nobel posthumously. See Literature, 1931 | ||
| Medicine /Physiology | no award | ||
| Peace | no award | ||
| Physics | for his work on the establishment and development of the theory of elementary quanta | ||
| 1919 | Chemistry | no award | |
| Literature | for his epic, "Olympischer Fruthling" | ||
| Medicine /Physiology |
for his discoveries in regard to immunity | ||
| Peace | (28th US President) for his sincere attempts at peace negotiations (generally thought to refer to Wilson's "Fourteen Points" speech to the US Congress that was aimed a securing a lasting peace at the end of World War I and was instrumental in founding the League of Nations | ||
| Physics | for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electrical fields | ||
| 1920 | Chemistry | for his work in thermochemistry, including the Third Law of Thermodynamics | |
| Literature | for his monumental work "Growth of Soil" | ||
| Medicine /Physiology |
for his discovery of the regulation of the motor mechanism of capillaries | ||
| Peace | "spiritual father of the League of Nations" | ||
| Physics | for services rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel and steel alloys |
| Nobel Prizes Awarded Through 1920 (Total 115) | |
|---|---|
| Country | Awards |
| Germany | 22 |
| France | 15 |
| England, Sweden, and Switzerland | 7 |
| Netherlands | 6 |
| Belgium and Denmark | 5 |
| no award | 14 |
| 1921 | Chemistry | for his contributions to our knowledge of chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes | |
| Literature | in recognition for his splendid activity as an author from "Alfred de Vigney", in 1868 to "La Vie en Fleur", in 1922 | ||
| Medicine /Physiology | no award | ||
| Peace | for his lifelong commitment to constitutional pacifism; an active worker for the League of Nations; actively invovled in the settlement of the Greek-Italian disputes of 1923 and the British-Turkish disputes of 1924 | ||
| founder and officer of the Interparliamentary Union and the Norwegian Nobel Institute; a delegate to the League of Nations; and actively participated in two international peace conferences | |||
| Physics | Though nominated for the award every year from 1910 - 1922 (except 1911 and 1915), and though his name is synonomous with the Theory of Relativity, and though he is credited with changing contemporary thinking and establishing the basis for the modern science of physics, Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for his 1905 paper "The Quantum Law of the Emission and Absorption of Light". Einstein's Law of the Photoelectric Effect became the basis of quantitative photochemistry. | ||
| 1922 | Chemistry | for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole number rule | |
| Literature | for his talent as a continuator of the illustrious traditions of Spanish drama | ||
| Medicine /Physiology |
for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscles | ||
| for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle | |||
| Peace | for his activities in behalf of peace and science | ||
| Physics | for the investigation of the structure of atoms, and of radiation emanating from them |
| 1923 | Chemistry | for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances | |
| Literature | for his consistently emotional poetry, which in the strictist artistic form expresses a people's spirit | ||
| Medicine /Physiology |
for the discovery of insulin | ||
| Peace | no award | ||
| Physics | for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect | ||
| 1924 | Chemistry | ||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram | ||
| Peace | no award | ||
| Physics | for his discoveries and research in the field of x-ray spectroscopy | ||
| 1925 | Chemistry | ||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology | no award | ||
| Peace | for his work on the Lucarno Pacts of 1925 | ||
| US vice president under Calvin Coolidge, 1929 - 1931; awarded the Peace Prize for his work on the Dawes Plan, which seemed to break the impasse between the European powers going back to 1914 | |||
| Physics | for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom | ||
| 1926 | Chemistry | ||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma | ||
| Peace | for their work on the Lucarno Pact of 1925 which included treaties, guarantees and non-aggression agreements that involved Germany, France, Belgium, Poland and Czechoslovakia | ||
| Physics | for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium |
| 1927 | Chemistry | ||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria innoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica | ||
| Peace | called "the world's most persistent pacificist"; worked for the reconciliation of France and Germany; worked on the reversal of the Dreyfuss conviction; advocate of universal suffrage; helped found La Ligue Internationale de la Paix del Liberte (1867) and La Ligue des Droits des Hommes (1898) | ||
| for his long and arduous service in the course of peace; "Caligula", which was seen as an attack on the Kaiser; founder of the Munich Peace Society | |||
| Physics |
| 1928 | Chemistry | ||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
for his work on typhus, which proved the infectious nature of the blood of typhus fever patients and the transmission of the typhus fever by the body louse; Nicholle also demonstrated that serum from patients with measles, typhus fever, or undulant fever could protect uninfected persons from the desease | ||
| Peace | no award | ||
| Physics | for his work on he thermionic phenomenon and especially for the law named after him, "Richardson's Law" or the "Richardson Effect" | ||
| 1929 | Chemistry | ||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin | ||
| for his discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins | |||
| Peace | |||
| Physics | for his discovery of the wave nature of the electron |
| 1930 | Chemistry | for his works on the structural composition of the coloring matter of blood, and of leaves, and for his synthesis of hemin | |
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | |||
| Physics |
| 1931 | Chemistry | ||
| Literature | Awarded posthumously. An award for Literature, 1918 was refused. The posthumous award presentation spoke of "...our character with a style and genuiness that we should like to be ours..." | ||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | |||
| Physics | no award |
| 1932 | Chemistry | ||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | no award | ||
| Physics | |||
| 1933 | Chemistry | no award | |
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | |||
| Physics | |||
| 1934 | Chemistry | for his discovery of "heavy hydrogen" (deuterium) a key factor in the development of the atomic bomb | |
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
for discoveries concering liver therapy against anemias | ||
| Peace | |||
| Physics | no award |
| 1935 | Chemistry | Irene Joliot-Curie is the daughter of Pierre and Marie Curie. The award is for their jointly performed synthesis of the new radioactive elements | |
| Literature | no award | ||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | |||
| Physics | for his discovery of the neutron | ||
| 1939 | Chemistry | Butenandt received his Nobel Prize for his work on sex hormones. He was forced by the Nazi government to refuse the prize, but was able to accept the honor in 1949. | |
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | no award | ||
| Physics | |||
| Due to the chaos of World War II, the Nobel Prize was not awarded in any category in 1940, 1941 or 1942. |
|---|
| 1943 | Chemistry | ||
| Literature | no award | ||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | no award | ||
| Physics | |||
| 1944 | Chemistry | Otto Hahn | 8 Mar 1879 (Frankfort-Main, Germany) - 28 Jul 1968 (Gottingen, Germany) |
| for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei, radiothorium and protactinium | |||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | |||
| Physics | |||
| [Top] | |||
| 1948 | Chemistry | ||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | no award | ||
| Physics | |||
| [Top] | |||
| 1949 | Chemistry | ||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses | ||
| for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs | |||
| Peace | |||
| Physics |
| 1950 | Chemistry | ||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
Philip Showalter Hench | 28 Feb 1896 (Pittsburgh PA) - 30 Mar 1965 (Ocho Rios, Jamaica) | |
| Edward Calvin Kendall | 8 Mar 1886 (Norwalk CT) - 4 May 1972 (Rahway NJ) | ||
| Tadeus Reichstein | 20 Jul 1897 (Wloclawek, Poland) - | ||
| for discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, the use of cortisone in the treatment of arthritis | |||
| Peace | |||
| Physics | |||
| [Top] | |||
| 1952 | Chemistry | ||
| Economics | |||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | Albert Schweitzer | 14 Jan 1875 ((Kayersburg, Alsace) - 4 Sep 1965 (Lambarene, Gabon) | |
| He was a missionary surgeon and founder of the Lambaréné leper Hospital in République du Gabon, won the Nobel Peace Prize for his humanitarian work. Schweitzer donated his prize to the hospital. | |||
| Physics | |||
| [Top] | |||
| 1954 | Chemistry | Linus Pauling | 28 Feb 1901 (Portland OR) - 9 Aug 1994 (Big Sur CA) |
| for his work on chemical bonds and molecular structure. Pauling is the first person to win two unshared Nobel prizes in different categories. See Peace 1962. | |||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | founded 1951 | |
| for their work with refugees | |||
| Physics | |||
| [Top] | |||
| 1955 | Chemistry | ||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | no award | ||
| Physics | |||
| [Top] | |||
| 1956 | Chemistry | ||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | no award | ||
| Physics | John Bardeen | 23 May 1908 (Boston MA) - 30 Jan 1991 (Boston MA) | |
| Walter Houser Brattain | 10 Feb 1902 (Hsiamen, China) - 13 Oct 1987 (Seattle WA) | ||
| William Bradford Shockley | 13 Feb 1910 (London, England) - 12 Aug 1989 (Palo Alto CA) | ||
| John Bardeen was the third Nobel laureate to win the prize twice and the first to win the prize twice (Physics, 1956 and Physics, 1972) in the same field. This first time was for his collaborative work on semi-conductors and the "transistor effect" with Houser and Shockley. The second time is for his collaborative work in super-conductivity and the reduction of electrical resistance as temperatures approach aboslute zero. [Top] | |||
| 1957 | Chemistry | ||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | Lester B Pearson | 23 Apr 1897 (Newton Brook CN) - 27 Dec 1972 (Ottowa CN) | |
| For his lifelong work in persuit of peace culminating in his efforts to resolve the Suez Canal crisis. | |||
| Physics | |||
| [Top] | |||
| 1959 | Chemistry | ||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
Arthur Kornberg | 3 Mar 1918 (Brooklyn NY) - | |
| Severo Ochoa | 24 Sep 1905 (Luarca, Spain) - 1 Nov 1993 (Madrid, Spain) | ||
| for studies on DNA and RNA | |||
| Peace | |||
| Physics | |||
| [Top] | |||
| 1961 | Chemistry | ||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | Dag Hammerarskjold | 29 Jul 1905 (Jonkoping, Sweden) - 17 Sep 1961 (Northern Rhodesia) | |
| Though not specifically stated, the posthumous award was speculated to be for his work towards peace in the Congo. | |||
| Physics | Robert Hofstadter | 5 Feb 1915 (New York NY) - 17 Nov 1990 (Stanford CA) | |
| "...for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and forhis thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of nucleons." [Top] | |||
| 1962 | Chemistry | ||
| Literature | John (Ernst) Steinbeck | 27 Feb 1902 (Salinas CA)- 20 Dec 1968 (New York NY) | |
| "Grapes Of Wrath" | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | Linus Pauling | 28 Feb 1901 (Portland OR) - 9 Aug 1994 (Big Sur CA) | |
| for his writings on the dangers of radioactive fallout in weapons testing and war. Pauling is the first person to win two unshared Nobel prizes in different categories. See Chemistry 1954. | |||
| Physics | |||
| [Top] | |||
| 1963 | Chemistry | ||
| Literature | for the unique thought and style and beauty of his language, which has become a lasting symbol of all that is indestructable in the Hellenic acceptance of life | ||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | The League of Red Cross Societies (Geneva, Switzerland) |
On the 100th anniversary of the ICRC, the Peace Prize was divided between the two major elements of the Red Cross movement. | |
| Physics |
| 1965 | Chemistry | ||
| Literature | Michail A Sholochov | ||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | |||
| Physics | |||
| [Top] | |||
| 1966 | Chemistry | ||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | no award | ||
| Physics | |||
| [Top] | |||
| 1967 | Chemistry | ||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | no award | ||
| Physics | |||
| [Top] | |||
| 1969 | Chemistry | ||
| Economics | Ragnar Frisch | 3 Mar 1895 (Oslo, Norway) - 31 Jan 1973 (Oslo, Norway) | |
| Jan Tinbergen | 12 Apr 1903 (The Hague, Netherlands) - 9 Jun 1994 (Amsterdam, Netherlands) | ||
| for work in econometrics, mathematical economics and mathematical representation of economic theory | |||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | |||
| Physics | |||
| [Top] | |||
| 1971 | Chemistry | ||
| Economics | |||
| Literature | Pablo Neruda | 12 Jul 1904 (Parral, Chile) - 23 Sep 1973 (Santiago, Chile) | |
| for "a poetry that, with the action of an elementary force, brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams" | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | Willy Brandt | 18 Dec 1913 (Lubek, Germany) - 8 Oct 1992 (Unkel, Germany) | |
| For "efforts to obtain for the people of West Berlin the fundamental human rights of movement" and his "outstanding efforts in order to create conditions for peace in Europe". | |||
| Physics | |||
| [Top] | |||
| 1972 | Chemistry | ||
| Economics | |||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | no award | ||
| Physics | John Bardeen | 23 May 1908 (Boston MA) - 30 Jan 1991 (Boston MA) | |
| Leon Neil Cooper | 28 Feb 1930 (New York NY) - | ||
| John Robert Schrieffer | 31 May 1931 (Oak Park IL) - | ||
| John Bardeen was the third Nobel laureate to win the prize twice and the first to win the prize twice (Physics, 1956 and Physics, 1972) in the same field. The first time was for his collaborative work on semi-conductors and the "transistor effect". The second time (with Cooper and Schrieffer) was for his collaborative work in super-conductivity and the reduction of electrical resistance as temperatures approach aboslute zero. [Top] | |||
| 1974 | Chemistry | ||
| Economics | for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations; for penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena | ||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | |||
| Physics |
| 1975 | Chemistry | ||
| Economics | |||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | Andrei Sakharov | 21 May 1921 (Moscow, USSR) - 14 Dec 1989 (Moscow, USSR) | |
| "Sakharov's fearless personal commitment in upholding te fundamental principles for peace between men is a powerful inspiration for all true work for peace. | |||
| Physics | |||
| [Top] | |||
| 1976 | Chemistry | ||
| Economics | Milton Friedman | 31 Jul 1912 (Brooklyn NY) - | |
| For his work "Capitalism and Freedom" and his extraordinary influence. | |||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | Mairead Corrigan | 27 Jan 1944 (Belfast, N Ireland) - | |
| Elizabeth Williams | 22 May 1943 (Andersonstown, Belfast, N Ireland) - | ||
| "Their initiative paved the way for the strong resistance against violence and misuse of power which was present in broad circles of the people." | |||
| Physics | |||
| [Top] | |||
| 1982 | Chemistry | ||
| Economics | |||
| Literature | "One Hundred Years of Solitude" | ||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | for twenty years of work on disarmament and as vindication for the virtues of patient and methodical negotiation | ||
| for her work in pursuit of disarmament | |||
| Physics |
| 1990 | Chemistry | ||
| Economics | |||
| Literature | Octavio Paz | 31 Mar 1914 (Mexico City, Mexico) - | |
| Paz is the first Mexican writer to win the Nobel Prize for "empassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity." | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | |||
| Physics | |||
| [Top] | |||
| 1994 | Chemistry | ||
| Economics | John Charles Harsanyi | 29 May 1920 (Budapest, Hungary) - | |
| for work on game theory (how businesses or countries make decisions in competitive situations) | |||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | Yasar Arafat | 24 Aug 1929 (Cairo, Egypt) - | |
| Shimon Perez | 16 Aug 1923 (Vishneva, Poland) - | ||
| Yitzak Rabin | 1 Mar 1922 (Jerusalem, Israel) - 4 Nov 1995 (Tel Aviv, Israel) | ||
| for their "substantial contributions to a historic process through which peace and cooperation can replace war and hate" in the Middle East | |||
| Physics | |||
| [Top] | |||
| 1995 | Chemistry | a shared prize for work that "contributed to our salvation from a global environmental problem that could have catastrophic consequences [and made it] possible to make far-reaching decisions on prohibiting the release of gases that destroy ozone" | |
| Economics | |||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
|||
| Peace | a shared Nobel Prize between an organization and the man who heads it, the Pugwash Converences on Science and World Affairs work to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in interntional politics, and in the longer run, to eliminate such arms | ||
| Physics |
| 2000 | Chemistry | ||
| Economics | |||
| Literature | |||
| Medicine /Physiology |
Dr. Guenter Blobel | ||
| Discovered how proteins find their rightful places in cells. | |||
| Peace | |||
| Physics | |||
| [Top] | |||