- -43
Oct 10 | -BC- Lyons, France founded by Lucius Plancus. | Ref: 10 |
- 0
| See also Algeria Resources for Algeria related news, books and regional resources. |   |
- 732
Oct 10 | At Tours, France, Charles Martel kills Abd el-Rahman and halts the Muslim invasion of Europe. | Ref: 2 |
- 891
Sep 01 | Northmen are defeated near Louvaine, France. | Ref: 5 |
- 987
Jul 03 | Hugh Capet, elected by his peers becomes King of France, and is crowned at Noyon. |   |
- 1031
Jul 20 | Robert II, King of France, dies. | Ref: 62 |
- 1032
Feb 02 | Koenraad II succeeds Rudolf III as king of Bourgundy. | Ref: 5 |
Feb 02 | Rudolf III last independent king of Bourgundy, dies. | Ref: 5 |
- 1213
Sep 12 | Simon de Montfort defeats Raymond of Toulouse and Peter II of Aragon at Muret, France. | Ref: 2 |
- 1245
Jul 27 | Frederick II of France is deposed by a council at Lyons, which found him guilty of sacrilege. | Ref: 2 |
- 1248
Nov 23 | The city of Seville, France, surrenders to Ferdinand III of Castile after a two-year siege. | Ref: 2 |
- 1250
Apr 30 | King Louis IX of France is ransomed. | Ref: 2 |
- 1296
Jan 09 | Earl Floris V signs accord with French king. | Ref: 5 |
- 1302
Jul 11 | The Flemish infantry defeat Philip IV's French cavalry, led by the Count of Artois, in the "Battle of the Spurs" at Courtrai, Flanders. Underdog weavers beat mounted knights. | Ref: 17 |
- 1328
Jan 31 | Capetian dynasty of France ends with death of French King Charles II. | Ref: 10 |
- 1346
Sep 03 | Edward III of England begins the siege of Calais, along the coast of France. | Ref: 2 |
- 1358
May 28 | Daint-Leu at Oise begins French boer uprising. | Ref: 5 |
- 1378
Dec 18 | Charles V denounces the treachery of John IV of Brittany and confiscates his duchy. | Ref: 2 |
- 1382
Mar 01 | French Maillotin uprises against taxes. | Ref: 5 |
Nov 27 | The French nobility, led by Olivier de Clisson, crush the Flemish rebels at Flanders. | Ref: 2 |
- 1429
Apr 29 | Joan of Arc enters the besieged city of Orleans to lead a victory over the English. | Ref: 5 |
May 01 | Joan of Arc, inspiring loyal French troops, raises seige of Orleans, driving back the English and Burgundian soldiers. | Ref: 17 |
May 07 | English siege of Orléans broken by Joan of Arc. | Ref: 5 |
May 08 | French troops under Joan of Arc rescue Orléans | Ref: 2 |
Jun 10 | Joan of Arc defeats the Earl of Suffolk. | Ref: 62 |
Jun 18 | Battle of Patay. Major victory of French led by Joan of Arc over English in 100 Years War. | Ref: 10 |
Aug 26 | Joan of Arc makes a triumphant entry into Paris. | Ref: 2 |
- 1430
May 23 | Joan of Arc is captured by Burgundians at Compiegne, who later sell her to the British. | Ref: 5 |
- 1431
May 30 | French heroine Joan of Arc, 19, a prisoner of the English, was burned at the stake for heresy in Rouen, France. (She was later canonized in 1920 by Benedict XV.) | Ref: 5 |
- 1450
Feb 09 | Agnes Sorel, mistress of Charles VII of France, dies. | Ref: 62 |
- 1454
Feb 17 | At a grand feast, Philip the Good of Burgundy takes the "vow of the pheasant," by which he swears to fight the Turks. | Ref: 2 |
- 1463
Jan 05 | French poet François Villon banished from Paris. | Ref: 5 |
- 1483
Aug 30 | Louis XI king of France (1461-83), dies at 60. | Ref: 5 |
- 1500
Apr 08 | Battle at Novara King Louis XII defeats and captures duke Ludovico Sforza of Milan. | Ref: 5 |
- 1503
Dec 28 | Battle at Garigliano Spanish army under G Córdoba beats France. | Ref: 5 |
- 1504
Jan 31 | By treaty of Lyons, French cede Naples to Ferdinand of Aragon. | Ref: 5 |
Mar 31 | France & Spain signs ceasefire. | Ref: 5 |
- 1509
Apr 07 | France declares war on Venice. | Ref: 5 |
Apr 16 | French army under Louis XII enters Alps. | Ref: 5 |
May 14 | At the Battle of Agnadello, the French defeat the Venitians in Northern Italy. | Ref: 2 |
- 1512
Feb 05 | French troops under Gaston de Foix rescues Bologna. | Ref: 5 |
Feb 19 | French troops under Gaston de Foix occupy Brescia. | Ref: 5 |
Apr 11 | The forces of the Holy League are heavily defeated by the French under Gaston de Foix at the Battle of Ravenna. | Ref: 2 |
Apr 11 | Gaston de Foix French pretender to Navarra throne, dies in battle. | Ref: 5 |
- 1515
Sep 13 | King Francis of France defeats the Swiss army under Cardinal Matthias Schiner at Marignano, northern Italy. | Ref: 2 |
- 1521
Apr 22 | French king François I declares war on Spain. | Ref: 5 |
- 1522
May 30 | French troops driven out of Genoa. | Ref: 5 |
- 1525
Mar 20 | Paris' parliament begins pursuit of Protestants. | Ref: 5 |
- 1537
Mar 17 | French troops invade Flanders. | Ref: 5 |
- 1539
Feb 01 | Emperor Karel & King François I sign anti-English treaty. | Ref: 5 |
Aug 10 | King Francis of France declares that all official documents are to be written in French, not Latin. | Ref: 2 |
- 1544
Sep 19 | Francis, the king of France, and Charles V of Austria sign a peace treaty in Crespy, France, ending a 20-year war. | Ref: 2 |
- 1550
Jan 10 | First sitting of "Vurige Chamber" in Paris. | Ref: 5 |
Jun 27 | Charles IX King of France (1560-74), is born. | Ref: 5 |
- 1552
Apr 10 | Henri II of France occupies Metz. | Ref: 5 |
- 1553
Aug 02 | An invading French army is destroyed at the Battle of Marciano in Italy by an imperial army. | Ref: 2 |
- 1557
Aug 10 | French troops are defeated by Emmanuel Philibert's Spanish army at St. Quentin, France. | Ref: 2 |
- 1558
Jan 08 | French troops under duke de Guise occupy Calais. | Ref: 5 |
- 1559
Apr 03 | Philip II of Spain and Henry II of France sign the peace of Cateau-Cambresis, ending a long series of wars between the Hapsburg and Valois dynasties. | Ref: 2 |
- 1560
Mar 15 | Failed assault on royal palace in Amboise France. | Ref: 5 |
- 1561
Sep 09 | The Colloquy of Poissy convened near Paris. Comprised of both French Catholic prelates and reformed Protestant theologians led by Theodore Beza, the council led to a 1562 edict offering a greater measure of freedom to French Protestants. | Ref: 5 |
- 1562
Mar 15 | General François de Guise enters Paris France. | Ref: 5 |
Dec 19 | The French Wars of Religion between the Huguenots and the Catholics begins with the Battle of Dreux. Anne de Montmorency & huguenots under Condé captured | Ref: 2 |
- 1563
Mar 19 | The Edict of Amboise granted a limited amount of freedom to French Protestants, thereby ending the First Huguenot War. | Ref: 5 |
- 1564
Sep 13 | On the verge of attacking Pedro Menendez's Spanish settlement at San Agostin, Florida, Jean Ribault's French fleet is scattered by a devastating storm. | Ref: 2 |
- 1570
Aug 08 | Charles IX of France signs the Treaty of St. Germain, ending the third war of religion and giving religious freedom to the Huguenots. | Ref: 2 |
- 1572
May 15 | Louis van Nassau & huguenots occupy Valenciennes. | Ref: 5 |
- 1574
Feb 23 | France begins 5th Holy War against Huguenots. | Ref: 5 |
- 1576
Feb 03 | Henry of Navarre (future Henry IV) escapes from Paris. | Ref: 5 |
Feb 05 | Henry of Navarre abjures Catholicism at Tours. | Ref: 5 |
- 1577
Feb 06 | King Henri de Bourbon of Navarra becomes leader of Huguenots. | Ref: 5 |
- 1579
May 17 | Artois/Henegouwen/French-Flanders sign Treaty/Peace of Parma recognizing Spanish duke van Parma as land guardian. | Ref: 5 |
- 1587
Oct 20 | In France, Huguenot Henri de Navarre routs Duke de Joyeuse's larger Catholic force at Coutras. | Ref: 2 |
- 1588
May 09 | Duke Henri de Guises troops occupy Paris France. | Ref: 5 |
May 12 | King Henry III flees Paris after Henry of Guise, of the Catholic League, triumphantly enters the city. | Ref: 2 |
- 1590
Mar 14 | Battle at Ivry: French King Henri IV beats Catholic League. | Ref: 5 |
May 14 | Battle at Ivry: French king Henri IV beats Catholic League. | Ref: 5 |
- 1591
Apr 19 | Chartres surrenders to king Henri IV in France. | Ref: 5 |
- 1595
Jan 17 | French king Henri IV declares war on Spain. | Ref: 5 |
- 1601
Jan 17 | The Treaty of Lyons ends a short war between France and Savoy. France gains Bresse, Bugey, Valromey & Gex in treaty with Spain. | Ref: 5 |
- 1614
May 15 | An aristocratic uprising in France ends with treaty of St. Menehould. | Ref: 2 |
- 1615
Feb 23 | The Estates-General in Paris is dissolved, having been in session since October 1614. | Ref: 2 |
- 1616
May 03 | Treaty of Loudun kills French civil war. | Ref: 5 |
- 1620
Dec 23 | French huguenots declare war on King Louis XIII. | Ref: 5 |
- 1624
Apr 29 | Louis XIII appoints Cardinal Richelieu chief minister of the Royal Council of France. | Ref: 2 |
Aug 13 | French King Louis XIII names Cardinal Richelieu his first minister. (XDG, p 4A, 8/13/2000) | Ref: 83 |
- 1628
Oct 28 | After a fifteen-month siege, the Huguenot town of La Rochelle surrenders to royal forces. | Ref: 2 |
- 1629
May 03 | French huguenot leader duke De Rohan signs accord with Spain. | Ref: 5 |
- 1630
Mar 23 | French troops occupy Pinerolo Piedmont. | Ref: 5 |
Nov 11 | Day of Dupes-Cardinal Richelieu foils attempt to dismiss him. | Ref: 10 |
- 1635
May 19 | Cardinal Richelieu of France intervenes in the great conflict in Europe by declaring war on the Hapsburgs in Spain. | Ref: 2 |
Jun 28 | The French colony of Guadeloupe established in the Caribbean. | Ref: 5 |
- 1636
Aug 08 | The invading armies of Spain, Austria and Bavaria are stopped at the village of St.-Jean-de-Losne, only 50 miles from France. | Ref: 2 |
- 1643
May 18 | Queen Anne, the widow of Louis XIII, is granted sole and absolute power as regent by the Paris parliament, overriding the late king's will. | Ref: 2 |
- 1648
Aug 05 | French under Louis II de Conde defeats Spanish at Lens ending the Thirty Years' War. | Ref: 10 |
- 1650
Jan 18 | French Prince Louis II of Condé captured. | Ref: 5 |
Apr 30 | French rebel Henri de la Tour Turenne signs treaty with Spain. | Ref: 5 |
- 1652
May 04 | Battle at Etampes: French army under Turenne beats Fronde rebels. | Ref: 5 |
- 1658
May 24 | Battle of Dunes (Spanish-French War) fought. | Ref: 5 |
Jun 14 | French triumph over Spanish at Battle of Dunes (Dunkirk). | Ref: 10 |
- 1661
Mar 10 | French King Louis XIV ends office of premier. | Ref: 5 |
- 1663
Jan 23 | King Louis XIV affirms covenant with Rÿnstaten. | Ref: 5 |
- 1664
Apr 06 | France & Saksen sign alliance. | Ref: 5 |
- 1667
May 24 | French troops attack into Southern Netherlands. | Ref: 5 |
- 1669
Dec 31 | France & Brandenburg sign secret treaty. | Ref: 5 |
- 1672
Apr 06 | France declares war on Netherlands. | Ref: 5 |
Apr 29 | King Louis XIV of France invades the Netherlands. | Ref: 2 |
- 1678
Apr 25 | French troops conquer Ypres. | Ref: 5 |
May 03 | French conquering fleet at Curaçao, 1200 die. | Ref: 5 |
May 11 | French Admiral Jean d'Estrées' fleet runs aground on Aves-islands, Curaçao. | Ref: 5 |
- 1681
May 17 | Louis XIV sends and expedition to aid James II in Ireland. As a result, England declares war on France. | Ref: 2 |
- 1682
May 06 | King Louis XIV moves his court to Versailles, France. | Ref: 2 |
- 1685
Oct 18 | The Edict of Nantes is lifted by Louis XIV. The edict, signed at Nantes, France, by King Henry IV in 1598, gave the Huguenots religious liberty, civil rights and security. By revoking the Edict of Nantes, Louis XIV abrogated their religious liberties. | Ref: 2 |
- 1688
Nov 26 | Louis XIV declares war on the Netherlands. | Ref: 2 |
- 1689
Apr 15 | French king Louis XIV declares war on Spain. | Ref: 5 |
- 1690
Mar 16 | French king Louis XIV sends troops to Ireland. | Ref: 5 |
Jul 01 | Led by Marshall Luxembourg, the French defeat the forces of the Grand Alliance at Fleurus in the Netherlands. | Ref: 2 |
- 1692
May 17 | French fleet destroyed off Cap La Hague. | Ref: 10 |
- 1693
Jul 29 | The Army of the Grand Alliance is destroyed by the French at the Battle of Neerwinden. | Ref: 2 |
- 1697
Oct 30 | The Treaty of Ryswick ends the war between France and the Grand Alliance. | Ref: 2 |
- 1701
Mar 09 | France, Cologne & Bavaria sign alliance. | Ref: 5 |
- 1703
Sep 30 | The French, at Hochstadt in the War of the Spanish Succession, suffer only 1,000 casualties to the 11,000 of their opponents, the Austrians of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I. | Ref: 2 |
- 1706
May 23 | The French are defeated at the Battle of Ramillies near the Belgian village of Ramillies-Offus, forcing them to withdraw from the Netherlands. | Ref: 92 |
- 1710
Dec 11 | Battle of Villa Viciosa (France beat Habsburgers). | Ref: 5 |
- 1713
Feb 18 | French invade under Jacques Cassard on Curaçao. | Ref: 5 |
Feb 27 | French troops bomb Willemstad Curaçao. | Ref: 5 |
- 1714
Feb 17 | Parliament of Paris accepts Pope Clemens XI's "Unigenitus" degree. | Ref: 5 |
Sep 07 | Treaty of Baden-French retain Alsace, Austria gets right bank of Rhine. | Ref: 5 |
- 1717
Feb 01 | Henri d'Aguesseau's first appointment as chancellor of France. | Ref: 5 |
Aug 04 | A friendship treaty is signed between France and Russia. | Ref: 2 |
- 1718
Jan 09 | France declares war on Spain. | Ref: 5 |
Feb 09 | France declares war on Spain. | Ref: 5 |
- 1719
Jan 09 | Philip V of Spain declares war on France. | Ref: 2 |
- 1732
Jan 29 | Paris churchyard Saint-Médard closed after Jansenistic ritual. | Ref: 5 |
- 1733
Oct 10 | France declares war on Austria over the question of Polish succession. | Ref: 2 |
- 1739
Apr 05 | French emperor Karel VI sign secret treaty. | Ref: 5 |
- 1741
May 08 | France & Bavaria sign Covenant of Nymphenburg | Ref: 2 |
- 1744
May 17 | French army takes Austrian Netherlands. | Ref: 5 |
May 31 | French troops conquer Kortrijk. | Ref: 5 |
- 1745
May 11 | "Battle of Fontenoy" in Flanders, French defeat combined army of British, Dutch and Austrian troops - Prince Charles Edward Stuart raises the Highlanders in what is called the "Jacobite Rebellion". | Ref: 5 |
- 1746
Feb 22 | French troops conquer Brussels. | Ref: 5 |
- 1747
Apr 17 | French troops occupy Zeeuws-Flanders, Netherlands. | Ref: 5 |
Jul 02 | Marshall Saxe leads the French forces to victory over an Anglo-Dutch force under the Duke of Cumberland at the Battle of Lauffeld. | Ref: 2 |
Sep 16 | The French capture Bergen-op-Zoom, consolidating their occupation of Austrian Flanders in the Netherlands. | Ref: 2 |
- 1748
Apr 30 | French troops occupy Maastricht. | Ref: 5 |
May 07 | French troops conquer Maastricht. | Ref: 5 |
- 1751
Dec 23 | France sets plan to tax clergymen. | Ref: 5 |
- 1753
May 09 | King Louis XV disbands French parliament. | Ref: 5 |
- 1756
-
- 1758
Jan 02 | The French begin bombardment of Madras, India. | Ref: 2 |
- 1760
Jul 31 | Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, drives the French army back to the Rhine River. | Ref: 2 |
- 1768
May 15 | By the Treaty of Versailles, France purchases Corsica from Genoa. | Ref: 2 |
- 1772
Apr 23 | Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle wrote one of the world’s most familiar -- and beautiful -- national anthems. La Marseillaise is still proudly sung by the French citizenry today. | Ref: 4 |
- 1776
May 12 | Turgot, French minister of Finance, resigns. | Ref: 5 |
- 1777
Aug 16 | France declares a state of bankruptcy. | Ref: 2 |
Dec 19 | A charter is drafted whereby the French government would operate pawn shops. | Ref: 62 |
- 1779
Aug 10 | Louis XVI of France frees the last remaining serfs on royal land. | Ref: 2 |
- 1780
Aug 24 | King Louis XVI abolishes torture as a means to get suspects to confess. | Ref: 2 |
- 1781
Apr 29 | French fleet occupies Tobago. | Ref: 5 |
- 1782
Feb 13 | French fleet occupies St Christopher. | Ref: 5 |
- 1785
Jul 17 | France limits the importation of goods from Britain. | Ref: 2 |
- 1787
Jul 02 | De Sade shouts from Bastille that prisoners are being slaughtered. | Ref: 5 |
Jul 30 | The French parliament refuses to approve a more equitable land tax. | Ref: 2 |
Sep 04 | Louis XVI of France recalls parliament. | Ref: 2 |
Nov 29 | Louis XVI promulgates an edict of tolerance, granting civil status to Protestants.
Louis XVI promulgates an edict of tolerance, granting civil status to Protestants. | Ref: 2 |
- 1788
Jul 06 | 10,000 troops are called out in Paris as unrest mounts in the poorer districts over poverty and lack of food. | Ref: 2 |
Sep 19 | Charles de Barentin becomes lord chancellor of France. | Ref: 2 |
Sep 23 | Louis XVI of France declares the Parliament restored. | Ref: 2 |
Sep 24 | After having been dissolved, the French Parliament of Paris reassembles in triumph. | Ref: 2 |
- 1789
Jun 17 | The Third Estate in France declared itself a national assembly, and undertook to frame a constitution. | Ref: 70 |
Jun 20 | Oath of the Tennis Court (for a new constitution) in France taken. | Ref: 5 |
Jul 09 | In Versailles, the French National Assembly declares itself the Constituent Assembly and begins to prepare a French constitution. | Ref: 2 |
Jul 14 | This was the day the French Revolution began -- at the fall of the Bastille. It is still celebrated in many countries throughout the world and is a public holiday in France; generally called Bastille Day or Fete National. It is considered the day freedom was born in France. | Ref: 4 |
Jul 15 | The electors of Paris set up a "Commune" to live without the authority of the government. | Ref: 2 |
Jul 18 | Robespierre, a deputy from Arras, France, decides to back the French Revolution. | Ref: 2 |
Aug 04 | The Constituent Assembly in France abolishes the privileges of nobility. | Ref: 2 |
Aug 26 | The Constituent Assembly in Versailles, France, approves the final version of the Declaration of Human Rights. | Ref: 2 |
Aug 27 | French National Assembly issues "Declaration of the Rights of Man & the Citizen". | Ref: 5 |
Sep 13 | Guardsmen in Orleans, France, open fire on rioters trying to loot bakeries, killing 90. | Ref: 2 |
Sep 16 | Jean-Paul Marat sets up a new newspaper in France, L'Ami du Peuple. | Ref: 2 |
-
Oct 10 | In Versailles France, Joseph Guillotin says the most humane way of carrying out a death sentence is decapitation by a single blow of a blade. | Ref: 2 |
Nov 02 | During the chaos of the French Revolution, the property of the Church in France was taken over by the state. | Ref: 5 |
Dec 13 | The National Guard is created in France. | Ref: 2 |
- 1790
Feb 26 | As a result of the Revolution, France is divided into 83 departments. | Ref: 2 |
Mar 31 | In Paris, France, Maximilien Robespierre is elected president of the Jacobin Club. | Ref: 2 |
May 21 | Paris is divided into 48 zones. | Ref: 2 |
Jul 14 | Louis XVI of France accepts a new consititution. |   |
Jul 26 | An attempt at a counter-revolution in France is put down by the National Guard at Lyons. | Ref: 2 |
Sep 04 | Jacques Necker is forced to resign as finance minister in France. | Ref: 2 |
Oct 21 | The Tricolor is chosen as the official flag of France. | Ref: 2 |
- 1791
Apr 18 | National Guardsmen prevent Louis XVI and his family from leaving Paris. | Ref: 2 |
Jun 20 | King Louis XVI of France and his family attempt to flee the country in the so-called Flight to Varennes, but was caught. | Ref: 70 |
Jul 17 | National Guard troops open fire on a crowd of demonstrators in Paris. | Ref: 2 |
Jul 24 | Robespierre expels all Jacobins opposed to the principles of the French Revolution. | Ref: 2 |
Sep 02 | September massacres begin in Paris. Mob rules. Thousands killed. | Ref: 10 |
Sep 09 | French Royalists take control of Arles and barricade themselves inside the town. | Ref: 2 |
Sep 13 | Louis XVI takes oath as Constitutional monarch of France. | Ref: 10 |
Sep 14 | Louis XVI swears his allegiance to the French constitution. | Ref: 2 |
Oct 01 | In Paris, the National Legislative Assembly holds its first meeting. | Ref: 2 |
- 1792
Apr 14 | France declares war on Austria, starting French Revolutionary Wars. | Ref: 5 |
Apr 20 | France declares war on Austria, Prussia & Sardinia, marking the start of the French Revolutionary wars. | Ref: 70 |
Apr 24 | Claude-Joseph Rouget de Lisle composes "La Marseilles". It will become France's national anthem. | Ref: 2 |
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Jul 30 | The French national anthem "La Marseillaise" , by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, was first sung in Paris. | Ref: 5 |
Aug 10 | Mobs in Paris attack the palace of Louis XVI, where he is arrested. | Ref: 5 |
Aug 11 | A revolutionary commune is formed in Paris, France. | Ref: 2 |
Sep 05 | Maximilien Robespierre is elected to the National Convention in France. | Ref: 2 |
Sep 21 | The French National Convention voted to abolish the monarchy. The era of the French Republic begins. | Ref: 70 |
Sep 22 | The French Republic was proclaimed. | Ref: 70 |
Nov 06 | Victory of French over Austrians in Battle of Jemappes. | Ref: 10 |
- 1793
Feb 01 | France declares war on Great Britain and the Netherlands. | Ref: 2 |
Feb 24 | French troops conquer Breda. | Ref: 5 |
Mar 04 | French troops conquer Geertruidenberg Netherlands. | Ref: 5 |
Mar 26 | Pro-royalist uprising in Vendée region of France | Ref: 2 |
Apr 14 | A royalist rebellion in Santo Domingo is crushed by French republican troops. | Ref: 2 |
May 30 | Georges Couthon chosen member of French Committee the Salut Public. | Ref: 5 |
Jun 02 | Maximillian Robespierre, a member of France's Committee on Public Safety, initiates the "Reign of Terror." | Ref: 2 |
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Jun 24 | The first republican constitution in France was adopted. | Ref: 5 |
Jul 23 | The French garrison at Mainz, Germany, falls to the Prussians. | Ref: 2 |
Jul 27 | Robespierre becomes a member of the Committee of Public Safety. | Ref: 2 |
Aug 14 | Republican troops in France lay siege to the city of Lyons. | Ref: 2 |
Aug 27 | Maximilien Robespierre is elected to the Committee of Public Safety in Paris, France. | Ref: 2 |
Sep 05 | The Reign of Terror began during the French Revolution as the National Convention instituted harsh measures to repress counterrevolutionary activities. | Ref: 70 |
Sep 06 | French General Jean Houchard and his 40,000 men begin a three-day battle against an Anglo-Hanoveraian army at Hondschoote, southwest Belgium, in the wars of the French Revolution. | Ref: 2 |
Oct 31 | Execution of the Girondins at Paris, during the Reign of Terror. | Ref: 5 |
Nov 07 | During the French Revolution, "Christianity" was abolished on this date. Reason was deified, and as many as 2,000 churches were afterward destroyed throughout France. | Ref: 5 |
Nov 08 | The Louvre Museum opens in Paris. | Ref: 4 |
- 1794
Mar 28 | Louvre opens to the public (although unofficially opened since August) | Ref: 5 |
May 06 | Haiti, under Toussaint L'Ouverture, revolts against France. | Ref: 5 |
Jun 26 | The French defeat an Austrian army at the Battle of Fleurus. | Ref: 2 |
Jul 08 | French troops capture Brussels, Belgium. | Ref: 2 |
Jul 26 | The French defeat an Austrian army at the Battle of Fleurus, France. | Ref: 2 |
Jul 27 | French revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre was overthrown and placed under arrest; he was executed the following day. | Ref: 6 |
Sep 28 | The Anglo-Russian-Austrian Alliance of St. Petersburg, which is directed against France, is signed. | Ref: 2 |
Dec 15 | Revolutionary Tribunal abolished in France. | Ref: 5 |
Dec 30 | French troops conquer Grave Netherlands. | Ref: 5 |
- 1795
Jan 16 | French army under Pichegru occupies Utrecht Netherlands. | Ref: 5 |
Jan 18 | French admitted to Amsterdam without resistance. | Ref: 5 |
Jan 18 | Governor/Viceroy Willem V flees Scheveningen to England. | Ref: 5 |
Feb 04 | France abolishes slavery in her territories and confers slaves to citizens. | Ref: 2 |
Feb 05 | Zealand Netherlands surrenders to French General Michaud. | Ref: 5 |
Feb 21 | Freedom of worship was established in France under the constitution that came out of the French Revolution of 1789. | Ref: 5 |
May 04 | Thousands of rioters enter jails in Lyons, France, and massacre 99 Jacobin prisoners. | Ref: 2 |
May 16 | Hedges Treaty: Bataafse Republic becomes French vassel state. | Ref: 5 |
Jul 14 | ‘The Marseillaise' composed by Rouget de Lisle becomes the French National Anthem. | Ref: 10 |
Aug 22 | In France, the Constitution of the Year Ill is adopted, establishing the Directory. |   |
Oct 01 | Belgium incorporated into French Republic. | Ref: 10 |
- 1796
Mar 19 | Freedom of the press comes to France. | Ref: 10 |
May 10 | French Government arrest 10 utopists. | Ref: 5 |
Sep 08 | Battle of Bassano-French beat Austrians. | Ref: 5 |
- 1797
Apr 18 | France & Austria sign cease fire. | Ref: 5 |
Oct 17 | Peace of Campo Formio between France & Austria gives France Belgium, Austria gets Venice. | Ref: 10 |
- 1798
-
Sep 02 | The Maltese people revolt against the French occupation, forcing the French troops to take refuge in the citadel of Valetta in Malta. | Ref: 2 |
Oct 27 | French attempt to invade Ireland fails. | Ref: 10 |
- 1799
Jul 30 | The French garrison at Mantua, Italy, surrenders to the Austrians. | Ref: 2 |
Dec 10 | The metric system established in France. | Ref: 5 |
- 1800
Mar 20 | French army defeats Turks at Helipolis Turkey, & advance to Cairo. | Ref: 5 |
- 1802
Mar 27 | The Treaty of Amiens is signed, ending the French Revolutionary War. | Ref: 2 |
Apr 08 | French Protestant church becomes state-supported & -controlled. | Ref: 5 |
Sep 11 | Piedmont, Italy, is annexed by France. | Ref: 2 |
- 1803
Apr 01 | French law rules the use of intention. | Ref: 5 |
- 1805
Dec 26 | France & Austria sign Peace of Pressburg; Napolean recognized as King of Italy. | Ref: 5 |
- 1809
Feb 13 | French take Saragossa, Spain after a long siege. | Ref: 5 |
- 1814
May 04 | Bourbon reign restored in France after Napolian is exiled. | Ref: 5 |
May 30 | The First Treaty of Paris is declared, returning France to its 1792 borders. | Ref: 2 |
- 1815
Jul 08 | With Napoleon defeated, Louis XVIII returns to Paris. | Ref: 2 |
- 1816
Jul 01 | French frigate Medusa wrecked; basis of G‚ricault's "Raft of the Medusa". | Ref: 5 |
Sep 05 | Louis XVIII of France dissolves the chamber of deputies, which has been challenging his authority. | Ref: 2 |
- 1819
-
- 1829
Aug 31 | The opera "Guillaume Tell" is produced in Paris. | Ref: 5 |
- 1830
Jul 05 | France invades Algeria, begins a 40 year conquest. | Ref: 5 |
Jul 26 | King Charles X of France issues five ordinances limiting the political and civil rights of citizens. | Ref: 2 |
-
Jul 28 | Revolution in France replaces Charles X with Louis Philippe. | Ref: 5 |
Jul 29 | Liberals led by the Marquis of Lafayette seize Paris in opposition to the king's restrictions on citizens' rights. | Ref: 2 |
-
- 1831
Mar 09 | French Foreign Legion founded in Algeria. | Ref: 10 |
- 1832
Nov 23 | French take Antwerp in liberation of Belgium. | Ref: 5 |
Dec 04 | French army begins bombing citadel of Antwerp. | Ref: 5 |
- 1836
Jul 06 | French General Thomas Bugeaud defeats Abd al-Kader's forces beside the Sikkak River in Algeria. | Ref: 2 |
- 1838
Nov 30 | Mexico declares war on France. | Ref: 2 |
- 1839
Mar 09 | The war between Mexico and France ends. | Ref: 62 |
- 1844
Aug 06 | The French war with Morocco begins. | Ref: 62 |
- 1845
Sep 08 | A French column surrenders at Sidi Brahim in the Algerian War. | Ref: 2 |
- 1848
Feb 26 | The Second French Republic is proclaimed. | Ref: 5 |
Mar 12 | 2nd republic established in France. | Ref: 5 |
Jun 25 | Paris uprising army kills 3,000 insurgents on Rue St. Maur; first news photo taken by Thibault. | Ref: 10 |
Jul 26 | The French army suppresses the Paris uprising. | Ref: 2 |
- 1854
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- 1859
Apr 29 | As the French army races to support them and the Austrian army mobilizes to oppose them, 150,000 Piedmontese troops invade Piedmontese territory. The Italian Campaign of 1859. | Ref: 2 |
May 03 | France, under Napolean III, declares war on Austria. | Ref: 2 |
May 09 | Threatened by the advancing French army, the Austrian army retreats across the River Sesia in Italy. | Ref: 2 |
May 10 | French emperor Napoleon III leaves Paris to join his troops preparing to battle the Austrian army in Northern Italy. | Ref: 2 |
Jun 02 | French forces cross the Ticino River. | Ref: 2 |
Jun 24 | At the Battle of Solferino, also known as the Battle of the Three Sovereigns, the French army, led by Napoleon III, defeats the Austrian army under Franz Joseph I. | Ref: 2 |
Jul 08 | The Truce at Villafranca Austria cedes Lombardy to France. | Ref: 2 |
- 1860
Aug 20 | Raymond Poincar‚ France, PM (1912), president, is born. | Ref: 5 |
- 1870
Jul 19 | France declares war on Prussia; the Franco-Prussian war begins. | Ref: 5 |
Sep 01 | The Prussian army crushes the French at Sedan, the last battle of the Franco-Prussian War. | Ref: 2 |
Sep 04 | 3rd French republic proclaimed as they overthrow their king. | Ref: 5 |
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- 1871
Jan 08 | Prussian troops begin to bombard Paris during the Franco-Prussian War. | Ref: 2 |
Jan 28 | Surrounded by Prussian troops and suffering from famine, the French army in Paris surrenders. During the siege, balloons were used to keep contact with the outside world. | Ref: 2 |
Feb 26 | France and Prussia sign a preliminary peace treaty at Versailles. | Ref: 2 |
Mar 01 | German troops enter Paris, France, during the Franco-Prussian War. | Ref: 2 |
Mar 18 | Communards revolt in Paris France. | Ref: 5 |
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May 21 | French regular troops attack Commune of Paris; 17,000 die. | Ref: 5 |
May 28 | The Paris commune is suppressed by troops from Versailles. | Ref: 2 |
- 1875
Jul 16 | The new French constitution is finalized. | Ref: 2 |
- 1879
Jan 30 | French President MacMahon resigns. | Ref: 5 |
Feb 14 | "La Marseillaise" becomes French national anthem | Ref: 62 |
- 1880
Jun 29 | Tahiti was annexed by France | Ref: 2 |
- 1881
Apr 25 | French troops occupy Algeria & Tunisia. | Ref: 5 |
May 12 | Treaty of Bardo, Tunisia becomes a French protectorate. | Ref: 5 |
- 1882
Jan 26 | France government of Gambetta falls. | Ref: 5 |
Mar 20 | René Coty, President of France from 1953 to 1958, is born in Le Havre France. | Ref: 5 |
May 13 | Toba-Indians killed 20 members of French expedition. | Ref: 5 |
- 1883
Mar 20 | Unity treaty of Paris signed; protects industrial property. | Ref: 5 |
Apr 02 | Battle at Bamako French assault on Fabous arm forces attack. | Ref: 5 |
Apr 12 | French troops under Lieutenant-Colonel Borgnis-Desbordes occupy Bamako Senegal. | Ref: 5 |
May 31 | French fleet under Pierre begins siege of Tamatave, Madagascar. | Ref: 5 |
Jun 01 | Beginning of 2½ year French war with Madagascar. | Ref: 10 |
- 1885
Mar 21 | 2nd French government of Ferry resigns. | Ref: 5 |
Dec 17 | France declares Madagascar a protectorate. | Ref: 5 |
- 1889
Jan 10 | Ivory Coast declared a protectorate of France. | Ref: 5 |
Mar 31 | The Eiffel Tower in Paris officially opens on the Left Bank as part of the Exhibition of 1889. French engineer Alexandre Gustave Eiffel unfurled the French tricolor from atop the Eiffel Tower, officially marking its completion. | Ref: 2 |
Oct 06 | The Moulin Rouge in Paris first opened its doors to the public. | Ref: 70 |
- 1890
Apr 06 | French troops under Captain Archinard occupy Segu, West-Sudan. | Ref: 5 |
Apr 27 | French troops under Captain Archinard occupy Oussébougou West Sudan. | Ref: 5 |
Aug 05 | French protectorate declared over Madagascar. | Ref: 10 |
- 1891
Jan 01 | French troops occupy Nioro, West-Sudan, 3000 killed. | Ref: 5 |
Feb 24 | French troops under Captain Archinard occupy Diéna West Sudan. | Ref: 5 |
- 1893
Mar 10 | Ivory Coast becomes a French colony. | Ref: 5 |
Dec 17 | Russia ratifies Duple Alliance with France. | Ref: 5 |
Dec 28 | French lieutenant Boiteux annexes Tumbuktu. | Ref: 5 |
- 1894
Jan 04 | France ratifies Duple Alliance with Russia. | Ref: 5 |
Nov 10 | French troops begin conquest of Madagascar. | Ref: 10 |
Dec 22 | (Dreyfus) French army officer Alfred Dreyfus was convicted of treason in a court-martial that triggered worldwide charges of anti-Semitism. (Dreyfus was eventually vindicated.) | Ref: 70 |
- 1895
Jan 05 | (Dreyfus) French Captain Alfred Dreyfus, convicted of treason, was publicly stripped of his rank. (He was ultimately vindicated.) | Ref: 5 |
Jan 15 | French fleet reaches Majunga, Madagascar. | Ref: 5 |
Sep 30 | France proclaims a protectorate over Madagascar. | Ref: 5 |
- 1896
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- 1898
Jan 13 | (Dreyfus) Emile Zola publishes his open letter (J'accuse) in defense of Captain Alfred Dreyfus in Paris. | Ref: 5 |
Feb 23 | (Dreyfus) During the Dreyfus Affair, French writer Emile Zola is imprisoned for his publication of J'Accuse, a controversial open letter to French President Felix Faure that accuses the French judiciary of giving into pressure from the military to perpetuate a cover-up in the Dreyfus treason case. Dreyfus was a jew in the highly anti-semetic French Army, wrongly accused of espionage and sentenced to life imprisonment in solitary confinement on Devil's Island. | Ref: 3 |
- 1900
Sep 05 | France proclaims a protectorate over Chad. | Ref: 5 |
Dec 19 | (Dreyfus) The French Parliament votes amnesty for everyone involved in the Dreyfus Affair. | Ref: 2 |
- 1903
Apr 06 | French Army Nationalists are revealed to have forged documents to guarantee a conviction for Alfred Dreyfus. | Ref: 2 |
Apr 07 | (Dreyfus) French Army Nationalists are revealed to have forged documents to guarantee a conviction for Alfred Dryfus. | Ref: 2 |
- 1904
Nov 08 | Emile Combs introduced a bill for the separation of Church and State in France. The bill passed in December 1905, thereby ending the Concordat of 1801 and allowing complete liberty of conscience. | Ref: 5 |
- 1905
Jan 18 | French government of Combes falls. | Ref: 5 |
Dec 09 | An Act for the Separation of Church and State became law in France, rescinding Napoleon's Concordat of 1801. The new law guaranteed freedom of conscience, but also severed all religious groups from any further economic support by the national government. | Ref: 5 |
- 1906
Jul 21 | (Dreyfus) French Captain Alfred Dreyfus is vindicated of his earlier court-martial for spying for Germany. | Ref: 2 |
- 1910
Dec 09 | French troops occupy Morrocan harbor city Agadir. | Ref: 5 |
- 1911
May 02 | French troops occupy Fès El Bali Morocco. | Ref: 5 |
- 1912
Jan 14 | Raymond Poincaré becomes premier of France. | Ref: 5 |
Mar 04 | The French council of war unanimously votes a mandatory three-year military service. | Ref: 2 |
Mar 30 | French protectorate in Morocco established. | Ref: 5 |
Jul 25 | Comoros proclaimed a French colonies. | Ref: 5 |
- 1913
Jan 17 | Raymond Poincaré elected President of France. | Ref: 5 |
Jan 19 | Raymond Poincaré installed as President of France. | Ref: 5 |
Jan 21 | Aristide Briand forms French government. | Ref: 5 |
Dec 12 | Authorities in Florence, Italy, announced that the "Mona Lisa," stolen from the Louvre Museum in Paris in 1911, had been recovered. (XDG, p 4A, 12/12/2003) | Ref: 83 |
- 1914
Dec 10 | French government returns to Paris. | Ref: 5 |
- 1916
Dec 26 | Joseph Joffre becomes marshal of France. | Ref: 5 |
- 1918
Apr 15 | Clemenceau publishes secret French/Austrian documents. | Ref: 5 |
Dec 04 | France cancels trade treaties in order to compete in the postwar economic battles. | Ref: 2 |
Dec 09 | French troops occupies Mainz. | Ref: 5 |
- 1920
Jan 19 | Alexandre Millerand forms French government. | Ref: 5 |
Feb 02 | France occupies (German) Memel territory. | Ref: 5 |
Apr 06 | French troop attacks Main/Darmstadt/Hanau. | Ref: 5 |
- 1921
Jan 01 | Mauritania becomes a separate French colony. | Ref: 17 |
- 1922
Feb 26 | Dancing to jazz music and tango bands was criticized in Paris. It seems that dancing was detracting the French from their postwar reconstruction, according to La Revue Mondiale. We guess that the cancan was not detrimental to France’s economy since it wasn’t an imported dance craze. | Ref: 4 |
- 1924
Mar 27 | New French government of Poincaré begins. | Ref: 5 |
May 11 | Cartel des Gauches wins French parliamentary election. | Ref: 5 |
- 1925
Jan 01 | Damascus and Aleppo are united to form the state of Syria by decree of the French government. | Ref: 17 |
May 08 | French colonial army beats Rifkabylen in Morocco | Ref: 2 |
- 1926
May 19 | French air force bombs Damascus Syria. | Ref: 5 |
May 23 | Lebanese constitution is established under French mandate. | Ref: 5 |
- 1930
Dec 04 | French government of Tardieu falls. | Ref: 5 |
- 1931
Jan 22 | French government of Steeg falls. | Ref: 5 |
- 1932
Dec 14 | French government of Herriot falls. | Ref: 5 |
- 1933
Jan 31 | French government of Daladier takes power. | Ref: 5 |
Jun 19 | France grants Leon Trotsky political asylum. | Ref: 2 |
- 1934
Jan 27 | French government of Chautemps falls (Stavisky Affair). | Ref: 5 |
- 1935
Mar 29 | French liner Normandie begins its maiden voyage | Ref: 5 |
Nov 03 | Left-wing groups in France form the Socialist and Republican Union. | Ref: 2 |
- 1936
Jan 22 | French Laval government falls. | Ref: 5 |
May 03 | French People's Front wins elections. | Ref: 5 |
- 1938
Apr 10 | 2nd government of Blum replaced by Daladier government in France. | Ref: 5 |
Dec 28 | France orders the doubling of forces in Somaliland; two warships are sent. | Ref: 2 |
- 1939
Jun 23 | France turns over Sanjak of Alexandretta (the Hatay) to Turkey. | Ref: 5 |
- 1940
Mar 19 | French government of Daladier, falls. | Ref: 5 |
Mar 20 | Paul Reynoud becomes French premier. | Ref: 5 |
- 1943
Dec 28 | France transfers most of her powers in Lebanon to Lebanese government. | Ref: 5 |
- 1946
Mar 19 | French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique & Reunion become overseas departments. | Ref: 5 |
Apr 17 | Last French troops leave Syria (National Day). | Ref: 5 |
Dec 24 | 4th French republic established. | Ref: 5 |
Dec 31 | French troops leave Lebanon. | Ref: 5 |
- 1947
Jan 16 | Vincent Aurial elected President of France. | Ref: 5 |
- 1951
Nov 01 | Algerian National Liberation Front begins guerrilla warfare against the French. | Ref: 2 |
- 1952
Jan 07 | French Plevin government falls. | Ref: 5 |
Dec 08 | French troops shoot on demonstrators at Casablanca, 50 die. | Ref: 5 |
- 1953
Jan 08 | René Mayer forms French government. | Ref: 5 |
Apr 28 | French troops evacuate northern Laos. | Ref: 2 |
- 1954
Nov 01 | The west African nation of Algeria begins its rebellion against French rule. (XDG, p 4A, 11/01/2000) | Ref: 83 |
- 1955
Apr 24 | Gaullists lose elections in France. | Ref: 5 |
Aug 20 | Hundreds of people were killed in anti-French rioting in Morocco and Algeria. | Ref: 70 |
- 1956
Jan 02 | Poujadists/communists win French parliamentary elections. | Ref: 5 |
Jan 31 | French government of Mollet forms. | Ref: 5 |
Mar 27 | French commandos land in Algeria. | Ref: 5 |
Apr 11 | French government decides to sends 200,000 reservists to Algeria. | Ref: 5 |
May 07 | Battle at Oran, Algeria, kills 300. | Ref: 5 |
May 10 | French Government sends 50,000 reservists to Algeria | Ref: 2 |
May 27 | French raid in Algiers. | Ref: 5 |
- 1958
Feb 08 | French planes bomb Sakiet Tunisia, 75 die. | Ref: 5 |
Apr 16 | French government of Gaillard falls due to Tunisia crisis. | Ref: 5 |
May 13 | French troops take control of Algiers. | Ref: 2 |
May 13 | French settlers riot against French army in Algeria. | Ref: 5 |
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Oct 04 | 5th French republic established. | Ref: 5 |
Dec 18 | Niger gains autonomy within French Community (National Day). | Ref: 5 |
- 1959
Jan 08 | Charles De Gaulle was inaugurated as president of France's Fifth Republic. | Ref: 70 |
Mar 25 | French President De Gaulle acknowledges Oder-Neisse boundary. | Ref: 5 |
Apr 12 | France Observator reports torture practice by French army in Algeria. | Ref: 5 |
- 1960
Jan 01 | Bank of France issues new franc, worth 20¢. | Ref: 5 |
Jan 22 | French President De Gaulle escapes attempt by General Massu. | Ref: 5 |
Jan 24 | Algeria uprises against French President De Gaulle. | Ref: 5 |
May 11 | French liner "France" launched. | Ref: 5 |
- 1961
Apr 21 | USAF Major Robert M White takes X-15 to an altitude of 32,000 meters. | Ref: 5 |
Apr 22 | Uprising of French parachutist of General Salan/Challe in Algeria. | Ref: 5 |
Apr 26 | French paratroopers' revolt suppressed in Algeria. | Ref: 5 |
Jul 29 | Wallis & Futuna Islands become a French overseas territory. | Ref: 5 |
- 1962
Mar 18 | France and Algerian rebels agreed to a truce. | Ref: 70 |
Mar 25 | French OAS-leader ex-General Jouhaud arrested. | Ref: 5 |
Apr 08 | Accords of Evian (Algeria) accepted by referendum in France. | Ref: 5 |
- 1963
Jun 21 | France announces it will withdraw from the NATO fleet in the North Atlantic. | Ref: 2 |
- 1964
Jun 15 | The last French troops leave Algeria. | Ref: 2 |
- 1965
Sep 09 | In protest of U.S. domination in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, French President Charles de Gaulle announced that France was withdrawing from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). |   |
- 1966
Nov 27 | The first tidal power station in the world, opens near St. Malo, France | Ref: 62 |
- 1967
Mar 19 | French Somaliland (Djibouti) votes to continue association with France. | Ref: 5 |
- 1968
Mar 22 | Student riot in Nanterre near Paris France. | Ref: 5 |
May 06 | Battle between students & troops in Paris France, 1000 injured. | Ref: 5 |
May 13 | 1,000,000 French demonstrate against De Gaulle & Pompidou. | Ref: 5 |
May 24 | President De Gaulle proposes referendum & students set fire to Paris bourse. | Ref: 5 |
May 30 | President De Gaulle disbands French parliament. | Ref: 5 |
- 1969
Jan 04 | France begins arms embargo against Israel. | Ref: 5 |
Jan 07 | France bars the sale of military weapons to Israel. | Ref: 17 |
- 1977
Jan 11 | France touches off an international uproar when it releases Abu Daoud, a Palestinian suspected of being involved with the massacre of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympics | Ref: 5 |
Mar 20 | Parisians elect former Prime Minister Jacques Chirac as first mayor in a century. | Ref: 5 |
- 1978
Apr 26 | France sends troops to Chad. | Ref: 5 |
Jun 26 | Brittany separatists bomb Palace of Versailles in France. | Ref: 5 |
- 1980
Mar 06 | French Academy, founded in 1635, elects it first woman novelist (Marguerita Youcenar). | Ref: 5 |
- 1983
Apr 05 | France throws out 47 Soviet diplomats. | Ref: 5 |
- 1984
Jan 01 | France receives its first allotment of natural gas as part of a 25-year contract with the Soviet Union. | Ref: 17 |
- 1985
Mar 10 | French socialists lose election (National Front 9%). | Ref: 5 |
Apr 03 | French government adopts equal electoral system. | Ref: 5 |
Dec 04 | French President Mitterrand receives Polish leader Jaruzelski. | Ref: 5 |
- 1987
Jan 07 | French airplanes harass Libyan positions in Duadi Doum. | Ref: 5 |
- 1989
Mar 29 | I M Pei's pyramidal entrance to the Louvre opens in Paris France | Ref: 5 |
- 1990
Oct 29 | William French Smith attorney general (1980), dies at 73 from cancer | Ref: 5 |
- 1993
Mar 21 | Voters in France handed the Socialist government a devastating defeat in first round parlaimentary elections. (XDG, p 4A, 3/21/2003) | Ref: 83 |
Mar 28 | Conservatives win French parliamentary election. | Ref: 5 |
May 01 | Pierre Bérégovoy PM of France (1992-93), commits suicide at 67. | Ref: 5 |
- 1995
Jan 18 | France announces discovery of 30,000 year old cave paintings including panther, hyena and owls | Ref: 10 |
Dec 12 | Two French airmen shot down over Bosnia arrive in home after nearly four months as captives of the Bosnian Serbs. (XDG, p 4A, 12/12/2000) | Ref: 83 |
- 2001
May 30 | Former French Foreign Minister Roland Dumas was convicted of corruption and sentenced to 6 months in prison. (XDG, p 4A, 5/30/2002) | Ref: 83 |
- 2002
Apr 21 | In a huge upset in French politics, extreme-right leader Jean-Marie Le Pen qualified to face incumbent Jacques Chirac in the runoff for French president. | Ref: 70 |
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