Russian History Chronology

Tsjaikovski's opera "Jevgeni Onegin" premieres in Moscow.

Ref: 5

1881

Feb 04

Kliment J Woroshilov Marshal/President USSR (1953-60), is born.

Ref: 5

Apr 22

Alexander Kerensky Simbirsk, Russian PM (1917), is born.

Ref: 5

1882

Bilu, a Russian Zionist organization, forms.

Ref: 5

1884

Feb 18

Police seize all copies of Tolstoy's "What I Believe In".

Ref: 5

Jul 09

Mikhail Borodin, Russian Comintern agent, is born.

Ref: 70

1885

Mar 30

In Afghanistan, Russian troops inflict a crushing defeat on Afghan forces Ak Teppe despite orders not to fight.

Ref: 2

1890

Feb 25

Vyacheslav M. Molotov, Russian statesman and foreign minister, is born.

Ref: 70

1892

Feb 03

Russia closes down Yeshiva of Volozhin.

Ref: 5

1893

Russia signs military accord with France.

Ref: 5

1895

Feb 18

Semjon Timoshenko Russian marshal/inspector-general (WWII), is born.

Ref: 5

Apr 24

S Constantine Timoshenko Russian marshal/people's commissioner, is born.

Ref: 5

1896

Feb 26

Andrei A Zjdanov Russian politician (against kosmopolitism), is born.

Ref: 5

Dec 02

Georgi Zukov, Soviet general who captured Berlin during World War II, is born.

Ref: 2

1897

Jan 28

First all-Russian census counts 128,907,692 people

Ref: 89

1899

Mar 18

Lavrenti Beria chief of Soviet secret police under Stalin, is born.

Ref: 5

Lavrenty Beria, Russian director of the Soviet secret police, is born.

Ref: 70

1903

Feb 18

Nikolaj V Podgorny President of USSR (1965-77), is born.

Ref: 5

The Czar of Russia issues a decree providing for nominal freedom of religion throughout the land.

Ref: 2

Nov 17

Vladimir Lenin's efforts to impose his own radical views on the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party splits the party into two factions, the Bolsheviks, who support Lenin, and the Mensheviks.

Ref: 2

1904

Feb 08

In a surprise attack at Port Arthur, Korea, the Japanese disable seven Russian warships, starting the Russo-Japanese War.

Ref: 2

Feb 10

Japan & Russia declares war after Japan's surprise attack on Russian fleet at Port Arthur disabled 7 Russian warships.

Ref: 5

Mar 04

Russian troops begin to retreat toward the Manchurian border as 100,000 Japanese advance in Korea.

Ref: 2

Mar 24

Vice Admiral Togo sinks seven Russian ships as the Japanese strengthen their blockade of Port Arthur.

Ref: 2

1905

Jan 09

Bloody Sunday-demonstrators fired on by tsarist troops.

Ref: 5

Jan 22

Thousands of demonstrating Russian workers are fired upon by the Imperial army troop in St. Petersburg on what became known as "Red Sunday" or "Bloody Sunday".

Ref: 70

Russian General Kuropatkin takes the offensive in Manchuria. The Japanese under General Oyama suffer heavy casualties.

Ref: 2

Feb 17

Serge Alexandrovich Governor-General Moscow, murdered.

Ref: 5

Feb 21

The Mukden campaign of the Russo-Japanese War, begins.

Ref: 2

Mar 03

The Russian Czar agrees to create an elected assembly.

Ref: 2

Mar 05

Russians begin to retreat from Mukden in Manchuria, China.

Ref: 2

Jun 27

The crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin mutinies.

Ref: 18

Jun 29

Russian troops intervene as riots erupt in ports all over the country, leaving many ships looted.

Ref: 2

First Soviet (workers' council) formed, St Petersburg, Russia.

Ref: 5

Oct 30

The czar of Russia issues the October Manisfesto, granting civil liberties and elections in an attempt to avert the burgeonng supprot for revolution.

Ref: 2

Dec 01

Twenty officers and 230 guards are arrested in St. Petersburg, Russia, for the revolt at the Winter Palace.

Ref: 2

1906

Feb 20

Russian troops seize large portions of Mongolia.

Ref: 2

May 10

Russia's Duma (Parliament) meets for first time

Ref: 2

1907

Mar 22

Russians troops complete the evacuation of Manchuria in the face of advancing Japanese forces.

Ref: 2

Constantine P Pobedonostsev Russian reactionary senator, dies at 79.

Ref: 5

The Russian czar dissolves the Duma in St. Petersburg.

Ref: 2

1909

May 19

First performance of Diaghilev's Ballet russe

Ref: 89

Jul 18

Andrei Gromyko USSR, diplomat/USSR President (1985-89), is born.

Ref: 68

1910

Nov 07

Leo Tolstoy, the Russian author considered one of history's greatest novelists, dies at Astapovo station

Ref: 89

1912

Jan 09

Russian troops begin to expel the Chinese from Mongolia.

Ref: 17

Apr 04

Lena gold field massacre (from which Lenin took his pseudonym)

Ref: 89

1914

Maxim Gorky is authorized to return to Russia after an eight year exile for political dissidence.

Ref: 2

Russia increases the number of active duty military from 460,000 to 1,700,000.

Ref: 2

Jun 15

Yury Andropov, Russian head of the KGB (1967-82), is born.

Ref: 70

Sep 01

St Petersburg, Russia changes name to Petrograd.

Ref: 5

1915

Jan 17

Russia occupies Bukovina & Western Ukraine.

Ref: 5

Mar 13

Sergei J Witte Dutch count/premier of Russia, dies at 65.

Ref: 5

1917

Rasputin's body is taken from the Neva River in St Petersburg, Russia after his assassination by Russian noblemen.

Ref: 17

The February revolution begins in Russia.

Ref: 5

Feb 28

Russian Duma sets up Provisional Committee; workers set up Soviets.

Ref: 5

Mar 08

In Russia, the February Revolution (known as such because of Russia’s use of the Old Style Julian calendar) begins as the Russian army garrison at Petrograd refuses to suppress striking workers and defects to the cause of the socialist revolutionaries.

Ref: 3

The Duma ignores the tsar's order to dissolve itself; fires break out in the city that night.

Ref: 90

The Duma elects an Executive Committee which assumes dictatorial powers on behalf of itself. Most of its members were from the Progressive block.

Ref: 90

Prisons are opened and prisoners mingled with the demonstrators. Street fights developed with the troops and the police are sent in to suppress them. Members of the cabinet are "arrested" by the insurgents.

Ref: 90

The Executive Committee of Soldiers and Workers Deputies is founded, led by Chkheidze, a Menshevik. This Committee literally occupied the Duma and presumed to address the Russian people from that vantage point. But the Duma's own Executive Committee still retained the political initiative.

Ref: 90

Stalin, Kamenev & Muranov arrive in St Petersburg.

Ref: 5

Izvestia, U.S.S.R. government daily newspaper, founded in Leningrad.

Ref: 10

The Czarist Regime is overthrown in St. Petersburg while an uprising in Moscow is also successful.

Ref: 90

The Russian revolution begins. Provisional government is declared. Prince Lvoff heads new cabinet.

Ref: 38

Tsar Nicholas II abdicates at the insistance of the Duma Committee.

Ref: 90

Civil liberties are proclaimed and the promise of convening a constituent assembly is made. Political prisoners are amnestied and returned from Siberia. The police is replaced with a people's militia. Elections are postponed until the Constituent Assembly can meet.

Ref: 90

Mar 22

Tsar Nicholas II was arrested at army headquarters and imprisoned at Tsarkoe Selo, the famous royal palace in the countryside.

Ref: 90

Mar 22

The US is the first government to recognize the new Russian Provisional Government

Ref: 90

Mar 25

Joseph Stalin, a senior member of the Central Committee (founded in 1912), returns from exile with Kamenev.

Ref: 90

Mar 30

All imperial lands, as well as lands belonging to monasteries, were confiscated by the Russian provisional government.

Ref: 5

Apr 03

Lenin leaves Switzerland for Petrograd.

Ref: 5

Apr 09

Russian Soviets call for peace.

Ref: 90

Apr 10

A Party Conference is held when Lenin objects to Joseph Stalin's initiative to close down the temporary bureau and takes control of Pravda, which had been more conciliatory to the Provisional Government.

Ref: 90

Apr 16

Lenin returned from Switzerland in a sealed train as a hostage of the German High Command.

Ref: 90

Apr 17

At a Joint Meeting of the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks at the Taurida Palace, Lenin announces his so-called April Thesis. This includes demands for a breach with the Provisional Government; the refusal to cooperate with the moderate socialists; an attack on Pravda and its current line defined by Stalin; and a demand that they win over the masses and work for a majority in the Soviets.

Ref: 90

Apr 20

Pravda (Lenin names Russia "Free land of world").

Ref: 5

Apr 21

The Russian Provisional Government, somewhat belatedly responds to charges of pursuing a "militaristic and imperialistic" foreign policy by also declaring itself in favor of peace without annexations and reparations.

Ref: 90

May 01

Russian spokesman, Miliukov, sends a note to the Allies indicating Russia's intent to continue the war.

Ref: 90

May 18

Russian Foreign Minister Miliukov and Russian War Minister Guchkov are both forced to resign.

Ref: 90

May 22

Alexander Kerensky issues his "Declaration of Soldiers Rights" which include the appointment of commissars in the army to handle soldiers councils. But the councils issued orders contradicting the commanders and thus undermines the officer corps.

Ref: 90

First Congress of Soviets convene in Russia.

Ref: 5

Jul 20

Alexander Kerensky becomes Russian premier, succeeding Lvoff.

Ref: 38

Jul 30

General Kornilov, coming out of nowhere, demanded harsh military discipline. In desperation he was made commander-in-chief, but it was too late - the people turned their eyes on the Bolsheviks now.

Ref: 90

Sep 09

(through the 14th) Kornilov uprising

Ref: 89

Sep 14

Provisional government of Russia established, Republic proclaimed.

Ref: 5

Sep 15

Russia was proclaimed a republic by Alexander Kerensky, the head of a provisional government.

Ref: 70

Oct 20

Leon Trotsky and the Bolsheviks left Kerensky's Preliminary Parliament.

Ref: 90

Oct 21

Lenin returned secretly to the city to participate in the Central Committee meeting of October 23.

Ref: 90

Oct 23

A historic meeting of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party convenes. Only 12 people were present and accounted for. Ten of them voted for immediate revolution, thus completely isolating the two democratic holdouts, Kamenev and Zenoviev. A new Politburo is elected, including Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin, Sokolnikov, Bubnov, Kamenev, Zenoviev. (Kamenev and Zenoviev resign a few days later).

Ref: 90

Oct 25

(Julian Calendar, Nov 7 Gregorian Calendar) October Revolution.

Ref: 89

The Soviets establish a Military Revolutionary Committee with Leon Trotsky as chairman.

Ref: 90

Nov 03

St. Petersburg regiments voted to take orders only from Trotsky as the representative of the Military Revolutionary Committee

Ref: 90

Nov 05

The Military Revolutionary Committee appoints commissars for all military units around St. Petersburg.

Ref: 90

The Russian Insurrection proper takes place in the evening.

Ref: 90

The Russian government delivered a counter-stroke against the insurgency by occupying the newspaper offices of the Bolsheviks, but this merely gave Trotsky a pretext to strike the first blow. The revolution began without a shot. Insurgent troops occupied all bridges, railroad stations, post offices and other public buildings. The Winter Palace, seat of the Provisional Government, was taken without much trouble. The cruiser Aurora in Neva river simply bombarded the Winter Palace, as the insurgents fought against a few ensigns and a battalion of women. This was all the government could get to defend itself.

Ref: 90

Late in the evening the Soviet Congress met as planned. Though the Bolsheviks did not have a absolute majority, they could rely on the support of the left wing Social Revolutionaries. The sessions had hardly begun when the right wing Social Revolutionaries and the Mensheviks declared that the Congress could not continue to meet under the threat of arms which the bombardment of the Winter Palace had just signaled. As a protest against the insurrection they left the hall. In so doing they surrendered the field to the Bolsheviks.

Ref: 90

Nov 07

October Revolution (Oct 26 OS) in Russia: Bolshevik socialists, led by Lenin, overthrow the provisional Russian government led by Kerensky.

Ref: 3

Nov 07

During the night and into the next morning, the Russian government capitulates.

Ref: 90

Nov 10

Lenin becomes Premier of Russia, succeeding Kerensky.

Ref: 38

Kerensky flees and Bolsheviks take command in Moscow.

Ref: 2

Dec 06

The Bolsheviks imprison Czar Nicholas II and his family in Tobolsk.

Ref: 2

Armistice negotiations at Brest-Litovsk

Ref: 89

Russian secret police in Czechoslovakia forms under Felix Dzerzjinski.

Ref: 5

1918

Jan 19

Soviets disallows a Constitution Assembly.

Ref: 5

Jan 20

In Russia, following the Bolshevik Revolution, all church property was confiscated and all religious instruction in the schools was abolished., is born.

Ref: 5

Russia declared a republic of Soviets.

Ref: 5

Jan 28

Trotsky becomes leader of Reds.

Ref: 5

Feb 05

The Soviets proclaim separation of church and state.

Ref: 2

Mar 05

The Soviets move the capital of Russia from Petrograd to Moscow.

Ref: 2

Mar 09

Russian Bolshevik Party becomes the Communist Party.

Ref: 5

Moscow becomes capitol of revolutionary Russia.

Ref: 5

Jul 10

Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic established.

Ref: 5

1919

Jan 04

During the Russian Revolution, Riga, Latvia is captured by the Bolsheviks.

Ref: 17

Jan 15

Peasants in Central Russia rise against the Bolsheviks.

Ref: 2

Mar 21

Soviet Republic proclaimed.

Ref: 10

Moscow's Politburo/Central Committee forms.

Ref: 5

Jun 06

Finland declares war on the USSR

Ref: 62

Jul 10

Lenin (RFSFR) Constitution ratified

Ref: 89

Jul 17

Murder of Tsar Nicholas II and his family in Ekaterinburg

Ref: 89

1920

The captial of the Don Cossacks, Nove 'Tcherksk, is taken by Soviet forces during the Russian Revolution.

Ref: 17

Allies lift the blockade on trade with Russia.

Ref: 2

Feb 08

Odessa was taken by the Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution.

Ref: 17

Apr 28

Azerbaijan SSR joins the USSR (first time).

Ref: 5

Oct 14

Part of Petsamo province ceded by Soviet Union to Finland.

Ref: 5

Nov 29

Armenia was proclaimed a Soviet Socialist Republic.

Ref: 62

1921

Feb 08

Peter Kropotkin Russian Prince/geologist/revolutionary anarchist, dies at 78.

Ref: 5

Feb 12

Soviet troops invade Georgia (theirs, not ours).

Ref: 5

Mar 01

Sailors revolt in Kronstadt Russia.

Ref: 5

Mar 07

Red Army under Trotsky attack sailors of Kronstadt.

Ref: 5

Lenin proclaims New Economic Politics.

Ref: 5

1922

Apr 22

South Ossetian Autonomous Region established in Georgian SSR.

Ref: 5

Apr 27

Yakut ASSR formed in Russian SFSR.

Ref: 5

May 26

Lenin suffers a stroke.

Ref: 5

Sep 17

Radio Moscow begins transmitting (12 KWs-most powerful station).

Ref: 5

14 republics form Union of Soviet Socialistic Republics (USSR).

Ref: 5

Dec 23

Lenin begins his Testament

Ref: 89

Lenin dictates his "Political testament".

Ref: 5

Soviet Union organized as a federation of RSFSR, Ukrainian SSR, Belorussian SSR & Transcaucasian SSR.

Ref: 5

Vladimir Lenin proclaimed the establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

Ref: 70

1923

Union of Socialist Soviet Republics established.

Ref: 5

Jan 04

Lenin's finishes his "Political Testament". It calls for the removal of Stalin.

Ref: 5

Feb 15

Yelena Bonner Moscow, soviet dissident/wife of Andre Sakharov, is born.

Ref: 5

Mar 04

Lenin's last article in Pravda (about Red bureaucracy).

Ref: 5

Lenin is hit with his 3rd stroke.

Ref: 5

Apr 04

L Martov [Joulij O Tsederbaum] Russian revolutionary, dies at 49.

Ref: 5

Jul 06

USSR formally constituted as Russia, White Russia, Transcaucasia and the Ukraine merge.

Ref: 10

USSR adopts experimental calendar, with 5-day "weeks".

Ref: 5

1924

Jan 21

Russian premier from 1917 to 1924 Nikolai Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov) dies of a stroke at age 54.

Ref: 68

Jan 24

The Russian city of St. Petersburg is renamed Leningrad in honor of the late revolutionary leader (however, it has since been re-named St. Petersburg).

Ref: 5

Jan 26

Petrograd is renamed Leningrad.

Ref: 2

Lenin's body is laid in a marble tomb on Red Square near the Kremlin. Lenin's body is laid in a marble tomb on Red Square near the Kremlin.

Ref: 2

Feb 03

Alexei Ryko elected as President of People's commission (succeeds Lenin).

Ref: 5

Nov 27

Lenin placed in Mausoleum in Red Square.

Ref: 5

Dec 15

The Soviet Union warns the United States against repeated entry of ships into Soviet territorial waters.

Ref: 2

1925

General M Froense replaces Trotsky as People's Commissioner of Defense.

Ref: 5

Leon Trotsky dismissed as CEO of Russian Revolution Military Council.

Ref: 5

Mar 07

The Soviet Red Army occupies Outer Mongolia.

Ref: 2

Aleksei Kuropatkin Russian General/minister of War, dies at 76.

Ref: 5

Mar 30

Stalin supports rights of non-Serbian Yugoslavians

Ref: 5

Apr 10

Czarina re-christens Stalingrad (now Volgograd).

Ref: 5

Dec 18

Soviet leaders Lev Kamenev and Grigori Zinoviev break with Joseph Stalin.

Ref: 2

1926

Kirghiz Autonomous Region in RSFSR becomes Kirghiz ASSR.

Ref: 5

Feb 28

Svetlana Alliluyeva daughter of Josef Stalin, author (My Life), is born.

Ref: 5

Apr 26

Karachai Autonomous Region is established in RSFSR (until 1943).

Ref: 5

Nov 19

Leon Trotsky is expelled from the Politburo in the Soviet Union.

Ref: 2

1927

The metric system of weights and measures is adopted by the USSR.

Ref: 17

Oct 29

Russian archaeologist Peter Kozloff apparently uncovers the tomb of Genghis Khan in the Gobi Desert, a claim still in dispute. Subotai was one of Genghis Khan's ablest lieutenants.

Ref: 2

Dec 27

Stalin's faction wins All-Union Congress in USSR, Trotsky expelled.

Ref: 5

Dec 28

Stalin's faction wins All-Union Congress in USSR, Trotsky expelled.

Ref: 5

1928

Jan 03

Leon Trotsky and 30 other members of the opposition are banished to the provinces of the Soviet Union.

Ref: 17

Jan 10

(or 11th) The Soviet Union orders the exile of Leon Trotsky.

Ref: 5

Eduard Shevardnadze Soviet Georgia, foreign minister of USSR (1985-91), is born.

Ref: 5

Pjotr N Wrangel Russian baron General, dies at 49.

Ref: 5

1929

Jan 18

Stalin proposes to ban Trotsky from the Politburo.

Ref: 5

Jan 31

Leon Trotsky expelled from Russia to Turkey.

Ref: 5

Dec 22

Soviet troops leave Manchuria after a truce is reached with the Chinese over the Eastern Railway dispute.

Ref: 2

1931

Stalin throws Krupskaya Lenin out of Central Committee.

Ref: 5

1932

Dec 12

USSR & China resume diplomatic relations.

Ref: 5

1933

May 06

Italy & USSR sign trade agreement.

Ref: 5

1934

Feb 10

Stalin ends 17th CPSU-congress, says "Life becomes merrier".

Ref: 5

1936

The New Constitution in the Soviet Union promises universal suffrage, but the Communist Party remains the only legal political party.

Ref: 2

Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Georgian SSR, Kazakhstan SSR & Kirghiz SSR becomes constituent republics of the Soviet Union.

Ref: 5

1937

Jan 19

In the Soviet Union, the People's Commissars Council is formed under Molotov.

Ref: 2

Jan 23

Karl Radek & 16 others go on trial in Moscow during Josef Stalin's "Great Purge."

Ref: 70

Jan 30

2nd of Stalin's purge trials; Pyatakov & 16 others sentenced to death.

Ref: 5

Apr 18

Leon Trotsky calls for the overthrow of Soviet leader Josef Stalin.

Ref: 2

Eight of Stalin's generals are sentenced to death during purges in the Soviet Union.

Ref: 2

1938

Jan 17

Supreme Soviet elects Michail Kalinin as presidium chairman.

Ref: 5

Jan 23

Anatoly Marchenko Siberia, Soviet dissident, is born.

Ref: 5

Feb 19

Soviet arctic ice research station North Pole 1 evacuated, Denmark.

Ref: 5

Mar 02

Trials of Soviet leaders begins in the Soviet Union.

Ref: 5

Dec 08

LP Beria follows Nikolai Jezjov as head of Russian secret police.

Ref: 5

1939

Feb 27

Nadezjda K Krupskaya Russian revolutionary/wife of Lenin, dies at 70.

Ref: 5

1940

Aug 25

Lithuania is incorporated into the U.S.S.R.

1941

Mar 16

Dmitri Shostakovich receives the Stalin Prize.

Ref: 5

May 06

Dictator Josef Stalin assumed the Soviet premiership, replacing Vyacheslav M. Molotov.

Ref: 70

Sep 01

Mass evacuation of Volga Germans

Ref: 89

1943

May 22

Stalin disbands Komintern.

Ref: 5

"International" is no longer USSR National Anthem.

Ref: 5

1944

Supreme Soviet enlarges soviet republics' autonomy.

Ref: 5

Mar 13

USSR recognizes Italian Badoglio government.

Ref: 5

May 11

Crimean Tatars banished to Siberia

Ref: 89

Sergius, Russian Patriarch of Moscow, dies at age 77.

Ref: 70

1946

Feb 09

Stalin announces the new five-year plan for the Soviet Union, calling for production boosts of 50 percent.

Ref: 2

Mar 19

Nicolai Schwernik succeeds Kalinin as President of USSR.

Ref: 5

Vladimir Volfovich Zhirinovsky Russian ultra nationalist/anti semite, is born.

Ref: 5

Oct 28

German rocket engineers begin work in USSR.

Ref: 5

1947

Feb 10

Province of Petsamo returned to Soviet Union by Finland.

Ref: 5

Pravda denounces Marshall Plan.

Ref: 5

1948

Jul 24

Soviets blockades Berlin from the west.

Ref: 5

1949

The United States charges the Soviet Union with interning up to 14 million in labor camps.

Ref: 2

Mar 04

Andrei Vishinsky succeeds Molotov as Soviet Foreign minister.

Ref: 5

1951

May 29

Mikhail Borodin, Russian Comintern agent, dies at age 66.

Ref: 70

1953

Jan 12

Nine "Jewish" physicians are arrested for "terrorist activities" in Moscow. They are released in April by authorities who said the evidence against them was false. (TWA, 1954)

Ref: 95

Feb 11

Russia breaks diplomatic relations with Israel.

Ref: 5

Feb 12

The Soviets break off diplomatic relations with Israel after the bombing of Soviet legation.

Ref: 2

Feb 28

Stalin meets with Beria, Bulganin, Khrushchev & Malenkov.

Ref: 5

Nikita Khrushchev succeeds Malenkov as Secretary of Communist Party.

Ref: 5

1954

The USSR offers to join NATO.

Ref: 5

Apr 14

Soviet diplomat Vladimir Petrov asks for political asylum in Canberra.

Ref: 5

Apr 26

Crimea transferred to Ukraine

Ref: 89

1955

May 26

Khrushchev arrives in Belgrade.

Ref: 5

1956

Jan 26

Porkkala military base returned to Finland by USSR.

Ref: 5

Khrushchev denounces Stalin at USSR Communist Party Conference.

Ref: 5

20th Congress of CPSU opens in Moscow.

Ref: 5

20th Congress of CPSU closes in Moscow.

Ref: 5

Russian party leader Khrushchev attacks memory of Stalin.

Ref: 5

Feb 25

Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev harshly criticizes the late Josef Stalin in a speech before a Communist Party congress in Moscow.

Ref: 70

Apr 17

USSR's Cominform (Parliament) dissolves.

Ref: 5

Jun 05

Premier Nikita Khrushchev denounces Josef Stalin to the Soviet Communist Party Congress.

Ref: 2

Nov 04

200,000 Soviet troops moved in to crush the Hungarian Revolution.

Ref: 70

1957

Feb 15

Andrei Gromyko succeeds Dmitri T. Shepilov as the Soviet Foreign Minister.

Ref: 2

Aug 26

The Soviet Union announced it had successfully tested an intercontinental ballistic missile.

Ref: 70

Sep 25

Soviet 7 year plan (1959-1965) announced.

Ref: 5

The Russian government announces that Marshal Georgi Zhukov, the nation's most prominent military hero, has been relieved of his duties as Minister of Defense. Khrushchev accused Zhukov as promoting his own "cult of personality" and saw him as a threat to his own popularity.

Ref: 2

Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev asserts Soviet superiority in missiles, challenging the United States to a rocket-range shooting match.

Ref: 2

1958

Jan 06

Moscow announces a reduction in its armed forces by 300,000.

Ref: 2

Mar 27

Nikita Khrushchev becomes Soviet premier & first Secretary of Communist Party.

Ref: 5

Apr 01

Marshal Boelganin becomes director of Russian Staatsbank.

Ref: 5

Oct 23

USSR lends money to UAR to build Aswan High Dam.

Ref: 5

1959

Feb 24

Khrushchev rejects the Western plan for the Big Four meeting on Germany.

Ref: 2

May 25

Khrushchev visits Angola.

Ref: 5

Aug 16

USSR introduces installment buying.

Ref: 5

1960

Feb 26

Soviet premier Khrushchev voices support for Indonesia.

Ref: 5

1961

Russia introduces a new ruble worth $1.11.

Ref: 5

Oct 30

Soviet Party Congress unanimously approves a resolution removing Josef Stalin's body from Lenin's tomb in Red Square.

Ref: 5

Dec 10

USSR & Albania break diplomatic relations.

Ref: 5

1962

Mar 18

Dmitri Shostakovich becomes member of Supreme Soviet of USSR.

Ref: 5

Oct 28

Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev informed the United States that he had ordered the dismantling of Soviet missile bases in Cuba.

Ref: 70

Dec 03

Pravda criticizes western art.

Ref: 5

1963

Feb 27

The Soviet Union says that 10,000 troops will remain in Cuba.

Ref: 2

1964

Jan 14

Castro visits Russia

Ref: 62

Oct 15

It was announced that Soviet leader Nikita S. Khrushchev had been removed from office. He was succeeded as premier by Alexei N. Kosygin and as Communist Party secretary by Leonid I. Brezhnev. (Go to article.)

Ref: 70

Oct 16

Brezhnev & Kosygin replace Krushchev as head of Russia.

Ref: 5

1965

Dec 08

Nikolai Podgorny succeeds Mikojan as President of USSR.

Ref: 5

Dec 09

Nikolai V. Podgorny replaced Anastas I. Mikoyan as president of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet.

Ref: 5

1966

Feb 20

Author Valery Tarsis banished in USSR.

Ref: 5

Leonid Brezhenev becomes First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party. He denounces the American policy in Vietnam and calls it one of aggression.

Ref: 2

Apr 08

Leonid Brezhnev elected Secretary-General of communist party.

Ref: 5

1969

Jan 02

"Soviet Sport" calls Emile Zatopek a public enemy.

Ref: 5

Dec 02

Kliment J Voroshilov President of USSR (1953-60), dies.

Ref: 5

1970

Semjon Timoshenko Russian Marshal/Inspector-General (WWII), dies at 75.

Ref: 5

May 04

Premier Kosygin affirms existence Russian military advisors in Egypt.

Ref: 5

1971

Moscow publicizes a new five-year plan geared to expanding consumer production.

Ref: 2

1972

Jan 06

Vladimir Bukovski is exiled from USSR.

Ref: 5

Dec 21

Soviet Union signs a separate peace with East Germany.

Ref: 5

1973

May 18

Russian party leader Brezhnev visits West Germany.

Ref: 5

1975

Jan 14

USSR breaks trade agreement with US.

Ref: 5

Feb 24

Nikolai A Bulganin marshal/premier of USSR (1955-58), dies at 79.

Ref: 5

1976

Jan 21

Leonid Brezhnev and Henry Kissinger meet to discuss Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT).

Ref: 2

Feb 24

Leonid Brezhnev opens 25th congress of CPSU.

Ref: 5

Jul 13

Courtmartial begins in USSR for Valeri Sablin (Hunt for Red Oct).

Ref: 5

Dec 19

President Brezhnev receives his 5th Lenin order.

Ref: 5

1977

Soviet Communist Party General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev was named president, becoming the first person to hold both posts simultaneously.

Ref: 70

1978

May 18

Russian dissident Yuri Orlov exiled to compulsory work.

Ref: 5

Jun 08

Soviet UN Undersecretary for Political and Security Council Affairs defects to US

Ref: 89

Jul 13

Alexander Ginzburg sentenced by Soviet court to 8 years.

Ref: 5

Jul 14

Anatoly Shcharansky convicted of anti-Soviet agitation.

Ref: 5

The Soviet Union signs a 20-year friendship pact with Afghanistan.

Ref: 2

1979

Dec 24

Soviet forces invade Afghanistan.

Ref: 10

USSR airlifts invasionary army to Afghanistan.

Ref: 5

Dec 26

The Soviet Union flies 5,000 troops to intervene in the Afghanistan conflict.

Ref: 2

Dec 27

Soviet forces seized control of Afghanistan. President Hafizullah Amin, who was overthrown and executed, was replaced by Babrak Karmal.

Ref: 70

1980

Mob storms Russian embassy in Teheran.

Ref: 5

Jan 22

Dissidents Andrei Sacharov & Jelena Bonner banished to Gorki.

Ref: 5

Oct 23

The resignation of Soviet Premier Alexei N. Kosygin was announced, due to illness.

Ref: 5

Dec 18

Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin, Premier of the Soviet Union (1964-1980), dies at age 76.

Ref: 70

Dec 23

A state funeral was held in Moscow for former Premier Alexei N. Kosygin, who had died December 18th at age 76. (XDG, p 4A, 12/23/2003)

Ref: 83

1982

Mihail A Suslov Soviet party ideologist, dies at 79.

Ref: 5

Nov 10

Leonid Brezhnev, the Soviet statesman who was the leader of the Soviet Union for 18 years, dies of a heart attack at 75.

Ref: 70

Nov 12

Yuri V. Andropov was elected to succeed the late Leonid I. Brezhnev as general secretary of the Soviet Communist Party's Central Committee.

Ref: 70

Funeral services were held in Moscow for the late Soviet President Leonid Brezhnev.

Ref: 70

1983

Sep 05

Korean airliner shot down by Soviets

Ref: 89

Sep 06

USSR admits to shooting down KAL 007 on 9/2.

Ref: 5

1984

Jan 29

The Soviets issue a formal complaint against alleged U.S. arms treaty violations.

Ref: 2

Feb 09

Soviet leader Yuri V. Andropov died at age 69, less than 15 months after succeeding Leonid Brezhnev. He was succeeded by Konstantin U. Chernenko.

Ref: 70

Feb 13

Konstantin Chernenko was chosen to be general secretary of the Soviet Communist Party's Central Committee, succeeding the late Yuri Andropov.

Ref: 70

Apr 20

Russian offensive in Panshirvallei Afghánistán.

Ref: 5

Jun 29

USSR offers to start talking about banning SDI.

Ref: 5

1985

Mikhail S. Gorbachev was chosen to succeed the late Soviet President Konstantin U. Chernenko.

Ref: 70

Mar 13

Funeral services held for Konstantin Chernenko (Moscow).

Ref: 5

1986

Russian dissident, Anatoly Shcharansky, is sent to a labor camp for his participation in a hunger strike.

Ref: 17

Feb 11

Rights activist Anatoly Scharansky released by USSR, leaves country, after nine years in captivity as part of an East-West prisoner exchange.

Ref: 5

Nov 08

Vyacheslav M. Molotov, Russian statesman and foreign minister, dies at age 96.

Ref: 70

Dec 19

The Soviet Union announced it had freed dissident Andrei Sakharov from internal exile, and pardoned his wife, Yelena Bonner.

Ref: 70

1987

Feb 04

Georgy M Malenkov Stalin's successor as head of CPSU, PM (1953-55), dies.

Ref: 17

Mar 20

Soviet filmmakers arrive in Hollywood for an entertainment summit.

Ref: 5

May 23

Soviets announce they are giving up commercial whaling and sending fleet home.

Ref: 10

Sep 02

West German pilot Mathias Rust, who flew a private plane from Helsinki Finland, to Moscow's Red Square, goes on trial in Russia.

Ref: 5

Nov 12

Boris Yeltsin is fired as head of Moscow's Communist Party for criticizing the slow pace of reform.

Ref: 3

1988

Jan 22

Georgi M Malenkov Russian premier (1953-55), dies at 86.

Ref: 5

Feb 20

Nagorno-Karabakh soviet declares the region under Armenian control

Ref: 89

Feb 27

Azerbaijani massacre of 32 Armenians in Sumgait suburb of Baku

Ref: 89

Apr 07

Russia announces it will withdraw its troops from Afghánistán.

Ref: 5

The Soviet Union began withdrawing its 115,000 troops from Afghanistan, more than eight years after Soviet forces had entered the country.

Ref: 70

Jun 28

Second Party Conference. New Congress of Peoples' Deputies with elected seats announced

Ref: 89

Jul 29

Gorbachev pushes plan electing president & parliament in March, 1989.

Ref: 5

Aug 08

Russian troops begin pull out of Afghanistan after 9 year war.

Ref: 5

Sep 30

Mikhail S. Gorbachev retired President Andrei A. Gromyko from the Politburo and fired other old-guard leaders in a Kremlin shake-up.

Ref: 5

Oct 01

Mikhail Gorbachev becomes Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet.

Ref: 10

Dec 07

Gorbachev announces 10% unilateral Soviet troop reductions at UN.

Ref: 5

Former Soviet President Brezhnev's son-in-law sentenced to 12-year (bribery).

Ref: 5

1989

Jan 03

Russian newspaper Izvestia gets its first commercial advertisement.

Ref: 5

Jan 08

Soviet Union promises to eliminate stockpiles of chemical weapons.

Ref: 5

Yuri Levada's questionnaire in Lit gazeta

Ref: 89

Completion of Soviet pullout of Afghanistan.

Ref: 89

Feb 15

The Soviet Union announced that the last of its troops had left Afghanistan, after more than nine years of military intervention.

Ref: 5

Mar 09

Soviet Union officially submits to jurisdiction of the World Court.

Ref: 5

Mar 26

First multi-candidate elections; several uncontested candidates defeated, Boris Yeltsin and Sakharov overwhelmingly win seats in the Congress of People's Deputies; 190M votes cast.

Ref: 89

Apr 06

Protesters in Georgia demand independence, Soviet troops move in

Ref: 89

May 25

(through June 9th) Congress of Peoples Deputies of the USSR begins political reforms

Ref: 89

May 25

Mikhail Gorbachev elected Executive President in the Soviet Union.

Ref: 5

Jul 03

Andrei Gromyko Soviet diplomat, dies just short of his 80th birthday.

Ref: 68

Sep 04

Azerbaijani Popular Front imposes blockade on 85% of freight entering Armenia

Ref: 89

1990

Feb 07

The Soviet Union's Communist Party agreed to let other political parties compete for control of the country, thereby giving up its monopoly on power.

Ref: 70

Feb 26

USSR agrees to withdraw all 73,500 troops from Czechoslovakia by July, 1991.

Ref: 5

Mikhail S. Gorbachev becomes president of the Soviet Congress.

Ref: 2

Radical Democratic Party holds first political meetings in Moscow.

Ref: 5

Congress of Peoples Deputies of RSFSR passes "Declaration of State Sovereignty of Russia" (Independence Day)

Ref: 89

Jul 14

Russian republic president Boris N. Yeltsin resigned from the Communist Party.

Ref: 70

Nov 16

Soviet President Mikhail S Gorbachev told an angry Soviet legislature that he would fire government and military officials blocking his reform plans. (XDG, p 4A, 11/16/2000)

Ref: 83

Nov 19

Law on Peasant Farms allows kolkhozniks to own private farms.

Ref: 89

Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze resigns.

Ref: 5

1991

5% sales tax on consumer goods & services goes into effect in USSR.

Ref: 5

Soviet paratroopers sent to Baltic Republics.

Ref: 5

Jan 14

Valentin Pavlov become new premier of USSR.

Ref: 5

USSR holds a referendum to determine if they should stay together; 9 of 15 Soviet representatives officially approve new union treaty.

Ref: 5

Mar 28

Tens of thousands of supporters of Boris N. Yeltsin marched in Moscow in defiance of President Mikhail S. Gorbachev's ban on rallies.

Ref: 64

Apr 23

USSR grants republics right to secede under certain conditions.

Ref: 5

May 20

Soviet parliament approves law allowing citizens to travel abroad.

Ref: 5

Boris Yeltsin becomes first democratically elected Russian President

Ref: 89

Leningrad voters rename city St. Petersburg; symbolic last blow to Communism in Russia.

Ref: 10

Jul 10

After 1,000 years, the Russian people were finally permitted to elect a president. Boris Yeltsin took the oath of office this day, after he had resoundingly defeated the Communist Party candidate.

Ref: 4

Jul 17

Soviet President Mikhail S. Gorbachev made a personal appeal for Western aid at the conclusion of the Group of Seven economic summit in London.

Ref: 6

Jul 24

Soviet President Mikhail S. Gorbachev announced a final agreement on a treaty designed to preserve the Soviet federation while giving more power to the republics.

Ref: 6

Aug 18

Soviet hard-liners launched a coup aimed at toppling President Mikhail S. Gorbachev, who was vacationing in the Crimea. The coup collapsed three days later.

Ref: 70

Aug 19

(August 1991 Coup) Yanayev, Pugo, Yazov and 3 others announce take-over.

Ref: 89

Aug 20

(August 1991 Coup) Yeltsin speaks to crowd from tank then barricades himself in Parliament building.

Ref: 89

Aug 21

(August 1991 Coup) Latvia declares its independence; Gorbachev returns from house arrest in Crimea

Ref: 89

Aug 21

(August 1991 Coup) A hard-line coup against Soviet President Mikhail S. Gorbachev collapsed in the face of a popular uprising led by Russian federation President Boris N. Yeltsin.

Ref: 70

Aug 22

(August 1991 Coup) Pugo commits suicide

Ref: 89

Aug 24

(August 1991 Coup) Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as head of the Communist Party and Boris Yeltsin closes Pravda and disbands the Communist Party.

Ref: 89

Aug 29

The Supreme Soviet, the parliament of the U.S.S.R., suspended all activities of the Communist Party, bringing an end to the institution. (Go to article.)

Ref: 70

Aug 30

This day marked the end of the Communist Party’s 75-year controlling regime of the Soviet Union.

Ref: 4

Sep 05

The USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) was dissolved by the congress of people’s deputies. After 70 years of tight, central control, the nation became a loose federation with a new title: the Union of Sovereign States.

Ref: 4

Sep 05

State Council set up by Congress of People's Deputies to govern in emergency

Ref: 89

Sep 07

Baltic states recognized

Ref: 89

Sep 21

During a meeting of the Supreme Soviet, President Mikhail S. Gorbachev scolded legislators for dragging its feet on an economic rescue plan, and asked for sweeping new emergency powers to stabilize the economy.

Ref: 2

Sep 21

Armenia votes on whether to remain in the Soviet Union.

Ref: 5

Nov 01

COMECON dissolves

Ref: 89

Nov 12

USSR President Boris Yeltsin disbands the Communist Party. Ref

Freedom to import and export established

Ref: 89

Dec 01

Ukrainian referendum on independence passed by 90.3%

Ref: 89

Dec 08

Presidents of Belarus, Russia, Ukraine sign treaty to abolish USSR and form CIS

Ref: 89

Dec 19

Boris Yeltsin takes control of Kremlin.

Ref: 5

Dec 21

Soviet Union formally dissolves 11 of 12 republics sign treaty forming Commonwealth of Independent States.

Ref: 5

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics formally comes to an end.

Ref: 25

Mikhail Gorbachev announced his resignation as President of the USSR. During his leadership (1985 to 1991), Gorbachev brought about sweeping internal reforms, created greater openness in political and cultural affairs and set the stage for historic developments throughout Eastern Europe with his program of economic, political, and social restructuring, known as ‘perestroika’.

Ref: 4

Dec 31

USSR, last day of existence.

Ref: 5

1992

Jan 02

Prime Minister frees prices. Ruble plummets; prices sky-rocket

Ref: 89

Soviet newspaper "Pravda" suspends publication.

Ref: 5

Federation Treaty signed by all autonomous republics except Chechnya & Tatarstan

Ref: 89

Apr 01

Western nations announce $24 billion aid package for Russia

Ref: 89

Apr 06

Congress of People's Deputies begins its attack on the government

Ref: 89

May 06

Gorbachev closes an era at Westminster College

Ref: 89

Treaty on Collective Security: Russia, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgystan

Ref: 89

Jun 15

Yegor Gaidar appointed acting prime minister of Russia.

Ref: 89

Oct 01

Voucher privatization begins

Ref: 89

Russian President Boris Yeltsin narrowly keeps the power to appoint Cabinet ministers, defeating a constitutional amendment that would have put his team of reformers under the control of the Russian Congress. (XDG, p 4A, 12/5/2002)

Ref: 83

Dec 14

Victor Chernomyrdin replaces Yegor Gaidar as prime minister.

Ref: 89

1993

Congress of People's Deputies passes resolution limiting powers of government to implement reforms

Ref: 89

Mar 20

Russian President Boris Yeltsin declared emergency rule, setting a referendum on whether the people trusted him or the hard-line Congress to govern.

Ref: 70

Mar 20

Claudia Yeltsin mother of Russian President Yeltsin, dies at 85.

Ref: 5

Speaker of Congress Khasbulatov calls for impeachment of Yeltsin

Ref: 89

Apr 03

(and 4th) US-Russian summit in Vancouver

Ref: 89

Referendum supports the president and the reforms

Ref: 89

Russia elects Boris Yeltsin leader.

Ref: 5

Jul 09

Remains of Nicholas II and his family identified in Russia.

Ref: 10

Aug 31

Soviet troops withdrawn from Lithuania (not Latvia & Estonia)

Ref: 89

Sep 18

Gaidar rejoins government as first deputy prime minister

Ref: 89

Sep 21

President dissolves Congress of People's Deputies and Supreme Soviet of RF and calls for election of Federal Assembly

Ref: 89

Sep 22

Parliament appoints Vice President Rutskoi president

Ref: 89

Oct 03

(Storming the House of the Soviets) Parliamentary forces attack Ostankino TV and mayor's office

Ref: 89

Oct 04

Ten hours into a tank assault on the Russian White House parliament building, rebel parliamentarians led by Vice President Alexander Rutskoi and Chairman Ruslan Khasbulatov surrender to Russian president Boris Yeltsin. (XDG, p 4A, 10/04/2003)

Ref: 83

Nov 08

Russian President Boris Yeltsin approved a draft constitution that would strengthen executive power. It will be ratified in a referendum the following month. (XDG, p 4A, 11/08/2003)

Ref: 83

Dec 12

Ultra-Nationalists make strong gains in Russian elections.

Ref: 5

Dec 12

Elections of first Federal Assembly of Russia and referendum to ratify Russian Constitution

Ref: 89

1994

Jan 11

Federal Assembly begins its work

Ref: 89

In Moscow, Yegor Gaidar, first deputy prime minister and architect of Russia's market reforms, announces his resignation. (XDG, p 4A, 1/16/2004)

Ref: 83

State Duma passes amnesty for political and economic crimes

Ref: 89

Yegor Gaidar resigns as first deputy prime minister

Ref: 89

Oct 28

Solzhenitsyn addresses the State Duma

Ref: 89

Nov 28

Russian Security Council votes to send troops to Chechnya

Ref: 89

Dec 11

Thousands of Russian troops backed by armored columns and jets rolled into breakaway republic of Chechnya in a bid to restore Moscow's control over the region.

Ref: 70

1995

Viktor Vorobyov Russian General Major, dies in battle.

Ref: 5

Federal Assembly bans loans from Central Bank to the government without its approval

Ref: 89

Mar 05

Graves of czar Nicholas & family found in St Petersburg.

Ref: 5

Jun 14

Chechens take hostages at Budennovsk

Ref: 89

Yeltsin suffers second heart attack

Ref: 89

Dec 17

CPRF under Gennady Zyuganov dominates Duma elections

Ref: 89

1996

Jan 05

Kozyrev resigns as foreign minister; replaced by Primakov

Ref: 89

Jan 12

Russian troops arrived in Bosnia (joint operation with US).

Ref: 5

Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan & Kyrgyzstan sign integration accords in Moscow

Ref: 89

Russian President Boris Yeltsin announced a halt to combat operations in Chechnya, limited troop withdrawals and a willingness to hold indirect talks with the rebels' leader.

Ref: 64

Apr 02

Russia & Belarus sign 'Agreement on the Formation of a Community'

Ref: 89

Russian President Boris Yeltsin negotiated a cease-fire to the war in Chechnya in his first meeting with the rebels' leader.

Ref: 70

Jun 04

Russian President Boris Yeltsin, campaigning for re-election, indulged in a bit of onstage boogie at a pop concert for young voters.

Ref: 6

Russian voters went to the polls in their first independent presidential election; the result was a runoff between President Boris Yeltsin, the eventual winner, and Communist challenger Gennady Zyuganov.

Ref: 70

Jun 26

Ukrainian Parliament adopts constitution

Ref: 89

Jul 03

Yeltsin defeats Zyuganov in run-off election

Ref: 89

Jul 12

Ukrainian constitution signed by President Kuchma

Ref: 89

Jul 16

Russian President Boris Yeltsin met a day late with Vice President Al Gore, easing some of the concerns about his fragile health.

Ref: 6

Aug 05

Chechen rebels re-take Grozny

Ref: 89

Aug 23

Full-scale combat operations end in Chechnya

Ref: 89

Aug 31

Lebed and Aslan Maskhadov sign peace accord in Chechnya

Ref: 89

Nov 05

Yeltsin undergoes quintuple by-pass surgery

Ref: 89

Nov 28

Belorussian President Lukashenko signs new constitution extending his powers and replaces the parliament

Ref: 89

Dec 01

Russian troops begin withdrawal from Chechnya

Ref: 89

1997

New Criminal Code replaces 1960 Soviet code

Ref: 89

Chechen elections held; Aslan Maskhadov wins with 65%

Ref: 89

Mar 21

Yeltsin and Clinton meet in Helsinki to discuss expansion of NATO

Ref: 89

Apr 26

Yegorov Russian leader (1994-95), dies

Ref: 5

May 26

Russian-Belarus Union Charter signed by Lukashenko and Yeltsin

Ref: 89

Yeltsin and Clinton sign "Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security between NATO and the Russian Federation" which creates a permanent joint council including Russia in NATO decision-making.

Ref: 89

Jun 11

Russian-Belarus Union Charter goes into effect

Ref: 89

Jun 28

Tajik Peace and National Reconciliation Accord signed in Moscow

Ref: 89

1998

Yeltsin fires Chernomyrdin, reorganizes cabinet

Ref: 89

Apr 24

Sergei Kirienko finally confirmed as prime minister

Ref: 89

Massive sell-off of Russian bonds, securities and rubles

Ref: 89

Jul 15

Three days of ceremonies to bury Russia's last czar and his family began in the city of Yekaterinburg. (XDG, p 4A, 7/15/2003)

Ref: 83

Jul 17

Nicholas II, the last of the Romanov czars, was buried in Russia 80 years after he and his family were executed by the Bolsheviks.

Ref: 70

Aug 23

Yeltsin sacks entire government, appoints Chernomyrdin interim PM

Ref: 89

Sep 01

During a Kremlin summit overshadowed by Russian economic and political upheaval, President Clinton offers Boris Yeltsin a prescription of tough reforms to lift the country from its crisis. (XDG, p 4A, 9/01/2003)

Ref: 83

Sep 10

Victor Chernomyrdin steps aside as Duma rejects nomination twice

Ref: 89

Sep 11

Yuri Primakov confirmed prime minister

Ref: 89

1999

May 12

Yeltsin sacks cabinet, including Primakov

Ref: 89

May 13

Impeachment hearings begins in Duma

Ref: 89